Prevalence and antibiotics resistance status of Salmonella in raw meat consumed in various areas of Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract

This study reports the prevalence and antibiotics resistance status of Salmonella detected in raw meat from Lahore, Pakistan. Overall, N = 111 meat samples, were collected from local markets. Salmonella was recovered from 57 (51.35%) samples, including 45.83% of poultry, 60% of buffalo, 64.28% of cow, and 60% of goat meat samples. The predominant Salmonella strains were Salmonella enterica serovars; Typhimurium (45.4%), Typhi (27.2%), and Enteritidis (18.1%), identified by VITEK system and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolates exhibited high resistance to Erythromycin (100%), Cefepime (98.24%), Colistin (94.73%), Azithromycin (92.98%), Tetracycline (87.71%), Polymyxin B (84.21%), Ciprofloxacin (84.21%), Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (80.70%), Nalidixic Acid (80.70%), Kanamycin (78.94%), Chloramphenicol (77.19%), Streptomycin (71.92%) and Ampicillin (64.91%). While the isolates exhibited more susceptibility to Meropenem (75.43%) and Amikacin (73.68%). N = 8 strains were designated as Multidrug Resistant (MDR) and N = 3 as Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Salmonella. The PCR-based detection of resistance genes revealed the presence of blaTEM-1 gene (100%), catA1 gene (64%), and gyrA gene (18%). The whole genome sequencing (WGS) of two selected strains and subsequent downstream analysis confirmed the strains as MDR and XDR Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The study showed that raw meat consumed in Lahore carries a significantly high number of drug-resistant Salmonella.

Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium Isolated from Raw Meat in Retail Markets

“…In the current study, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in retail cattle meat samples in Sylhet District, Bangladesh was 26.22%, which was closely similar to findings from studies in Egypt (23.3%), Pakistan (21.8%), and Nigeria (23%) [22][23][24]. Notably, the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in the current study was lower than that reported in previous studies in Morocco (30.55%), Tunisia (29.8%), and Vietnam (64.1%) [25,26,34], while being higher than those documented in Turkey (20%), Egypt (8.8%), Iran (4.35%), and Ecuador (11.47%) [35][36][37][38].…”

“…The prevalence also varied among different upazilas, with the highest prevalence recorded at 50% in Kanaighat and Gowainghat, and the lowest prevalence at 11.76% in Osmaninagar. The prevalence of Salmonella in goat meat was determined to be 18.10%, which was lower than the findings reported in a study from Pakistan [23] and higher than those from studies conducted in India, Modjo, Bishoftu, Arusha (Tanzania), and Gujarat (India) based on goat carcass swabs [27][28][29]. In the present study, S. Typhimurium was identified in cattle meat as the dominant serovar among other Salmonella spp.…”

“…Several studies have reported the prevalence of Salmonella in meat, with detection rates ranging from 6.79% to 97.6% in chicken meat in India [20] and 21.1% in Bangladesh [21]. Moreover, the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar in cattle meat was reported to be 23.3% in Egypt [22], 64.28% in Pakistan [23], 23% in Nigeria [24], 30.55% in Morocco [25], and 29.8% in Tunisia [26]. The reported prevalence rates of Salmonella in goat meat varies globally, with rates as high as 60% reported in Pakistan [23].…”

“…Moreover, the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar in cattle meat was reported to be 23.3% in Egypt [22], 64.28% in Pakistan [23], 23% in Nigeria [24], 30.55% in Morocco [25], and 29.8% in Tunisia [26]. The reported prevalence rates of Salmonella in goat meat varies globally, with rates as high as 60% reported in Pakistan [23]. The detection of Salmonella was reported from goat meat swabs in different regions of different countries such as a rate of 8.3% in Modjo (Ethiopia), 7.5% in Bishoftu (Ethiopia), 4% in Arusha (Tanzania), and 3.5% in Gujrat (India) [27][28][29].…”

Assessment of the Implementation of Pakistan’s National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance in the Agriculture and Food Sectors

“…isolates [ 35 , 36 ]. Studies of retail food commodities (e.g., meat, dairy products, and fruits) have also shown high rates of resistant bacteria (e.g., Campylobacter , E. coli , Shigella , and Salmonella ) to commonly used antibiotics [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Information on AMR prevalence in the plant, aquaculture, and environmental sectors is relatively limited.…”