Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from raw milk in East Java, Indonesia

Abstract

Background and Aim: Raw milk can be a source of food-borne disease transmission and a medium for spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are bacteria that have the pathogenic ability to attack host cells and are capable of harboring antibiotic-resistant genes. This study estimated the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of S. aureus and E. coli isolated from raw milk in East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty raw milk samples were collected from five dairy farms in East Java. S. aureus and E. coli were isolated using their respective selective media, whereas antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was confirmed using the oxacillin resistance screen agar test, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli was determined using the double-disk synergy test. The presence of mecA and blaTEM genes were screened by the polymerase chain reaction method. Results: Results indicated that the prevalence of S. aureus was 138 (55.2%) and that E. coli was 176 (70.4%). Of the 138 S. aureus isolated, 27 (19.6%) were MRSA, and among the 176 E. coli isolates identified, 3 (1.7%) were ESBL producers. The mecA gene was observed in 2 (7.4%) MRSA and all 3 (100%) ESBL-producing E. coli isolated harbored blaTEM genes. Conclusion: The presence of MRSA and ESBL-producing E. coli in raw milk is a serious public health threat, and public awareness should be raised about the dangers posed by these pathogenic organisms.

Antimicrobial resistance characteristics of multidrug resistance and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from several dairy farms in Probolinggo, Indonesia

“…Based on the findings of aztreonam antibiotic resistance and confirmation of ESBL E. coli from milk, it is necessary to pay attention to the potential of milk as a source of bacterial zoonotic infections that can manifest and attack humans. Zoonotic bacterial diseases can be transmitted to humans via a variety of routes, including contaminated animal products such as milk (Effendi et al 2018;Tyasningsih et al 2022), the direct fecal-oral route, improper food handling, and cooking (Harijani et al 2020;Permatasari et al 2020). Thus, according to one health concept, humans who are in close proximity to animals can contract zoonotic pathogenic bacteria, which can then spread to other humans in the community (Decline et al 2020;Kristianingtyas et al 2020).…”

“…Escherichia coli colonies were identified on EMBA media and confirmed using Gram staining kit (HiMedia, K001-1KT). Pure colonies of E. coli were further verified by biochemical testing of IMVIC media including Sulifide Indol Motility (SIM) media (Merck, 105470), Methyl Red-Voges Proskauer (MR-VP) media (Merck; 105712), Simmons Citrate Agar (Oxoid, CM155) and Triple Sugar Iron Agar TSIA media (Merck; 103915) (Effendi et al 2018;Tyasningsih et al 2022).…”

“…Escherichia coli isolates were further investigated for the presence of ESBL using the double-disc synergy test (DDST). The antibiotic discs used for DDST were amoxicillin-clavulanate (20/10 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), and ceftazidime (30 μg) (Tyasningsih et al 2022). The results of evaluation after incubation showed synergy between cefotaxime/ceftazidime with the Amoxycillinclavulanic combination in the form of an increase in inhibition zone ≥ 5 mm between the diameter of the cephalosporin disk and the cephalosporin-clavulanate combination showed E. coli positive ESBL bacteria (Putra et al 2020;Tyasningsih et al 2022).…”

“…Amoxicillin-clavulanate (20/10 g), cefotaxime (30 and ceftazidime (30 g) antibiotic discs were used for DDST (Anshariesta et al 2021). The evaluation after incubation revealed a synergy between cefotaxime/ceftazidime and the Amoxycillin-clavulanic combination in the form of a 5 mm increase in inhibition zone between the diameter of the cephalosporin disc and the cephalosporin-clavulanate combination, according to E. coli positive ESBL bacteria (Putra et al 2020;Tyasningsih et al 2022).…”

Pet animals as reservoirs for spreading methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to human health

“…In addition, there is a need for close collaboration between human doctors and veterinarians to identify the types of MRSA that may be found in humans and pets so that effective control measures can be taken in veterinary practice [ 136 , 160 , 161 ].…”