Prevailing effectiveness of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine during the 2010/11 season in Sweden

Widgren, Katarina; Magnusson, M.; Hagstam, Per; Widerström, Micael; Örtqvist, Åke; Einemo, Im; Follin, Per; Lindblom, Anders; Mäkitalo, Signar; Wik, Olle; Österlund, Anders; Grünewald, Maria; Uhnoo, Ingrid; Linde, Annika

doi:10.2807/ese.18.15.20447-en

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In this study, the vaccine efficacy for A(H1N1)pdm09 strains of 79.6-93.4% was higher than that for the A(H3N2). This is concordant with previous studies, which estimated the vaccine efficacy using serologically based methods and suggested a moderate to high vaccine effectiveness for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the 2010-2014 seasons (Rondy et al, 2015;Widgren et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Molecular epidemiology and evolution of influenza a and b viruses

Tewawong

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The influenza viruses are a major cause of the respiratory severe illness about 3 to 5 million cases and contribute to substantial over 250,000-500,000 death and 200,000 hospitalizations annually worldwide. The influenza vaccination and antiviral prophylaxis are the effective way to prevent the infection and reduce the severity of the disease burden. The aim of the study was to elucidate the epidemiology and molecular evolution of influenza A and B viruses in Thailand between 2010 and 2015. The real time PCR with melting curve analysis for differentiation the lineage specific of influenza B viruses was developed and validated. The lower detection limit was 100 copies per microliter. Using this assay, during 2010 to 2012, there were more B/Vic strains than B/Yam strains (83.5% vs. 16.5%, respectively). B/Vic strains were not detected between February 2013 and the end of 2014. In 2015, B/Yam strains were more prevalent than B/Vic strains (77.5% vs. 22.5%, respectively), while B/Vic dominated the ﬁrst half of 2016 (62.3%). In addition, the whole genome of influenza B viruses was characterized using PCR-sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The results found 5 inﬂuenza B strains (6.8%) were of mixed lineages between HA and NA genes. Moreover, this study also examined the genetic variability in the nucleotide of encoding HA1 sequences and quantify the antigenic drift of the HA1 domain protein among influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses using Pepitope model. The vaccine efficacy for A(H1N1)pdm09 (79.6–93.4%) was generally higher than that of A(H3N2). The emergence of multiple circulating strains of A(H3N2) in 2014-2015 seasons contributed to the reduced vaccine efficacy in Thailand that year. These findings further confirmed the accelerating antigenic drift of the circulating influenza A(H3N2) during this period. Finally, the study was to investigate the molecular evolution of NA gene and examine for the presence of NA substitutions associated with reduced susceptibility to NAIs among seasonal influenza A and B viruses identified in Thailand. The evolutionary patterns of the NA gene indicated a more rapid genetic drift for influenza A than influenza B virus due to higher nucleotide substitution rate, although there was more genetic diversity in influenza B than in influenza A virus. There was an inverse relationship between the evolutionary rate and genealogical diversity. The results found different NA amino acid substitutions at the same residues causing reduced inhibition of influenza A (H3N2) (I222V and S331G) and B (A395T/D/V and D342S) viruses by NAIs. The recombinant influenza viruses containing these NA mutations were generated using 7+1 reverse genetic system for examining the NA activity and thermostability, NA enzyme inhibition by NAIs, NA enzyme kinetic, genetic stability of NA, and establish influenza A(H3N2) and B virus replication kinetic in vitro. All of recombinant influenza A(H3N2) and B viruses carrying NA substitutions were susceptible to NAIs. There was a difference between wild type and recombinant viruses in NA activity and thermostability. The A/PR8-S331G/R NA viruses revealed increasing of Km and Vmax values, while B/Yam-D342S NA virus contributed to the Km and Vmax values were decreased. The stability of B/Yam-A395V and D342S NA were not stable after three passages in vitro, indicating A395-NA or D342-NA are more suitable in the viral fitness than V395 NA or S342. This finding suggests that NA substitutions of influenza A and B viruses may affect to NA enzyme properties and in vitro virus replication. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the ongoing evolution of genome of influenza A and B viruses, especially HA and NA genes. Continual monitoring of evolutionary dynamics of influenza genome and epidemiological surveillance will assist public health for effective control and prevention influenza infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Molecular epidemiology and evolution of influenza a and b viruses

Tewawong

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“…The monovalent vaccine licensed in Europe and Canada was adjuvanted, whereas the vaccine licensed in Australia and the United States was not adjuvanted. Subsequent vaccine trials performed with TIV-09 or the adjuvanted forms of MIV-09 demonstrated efficacy (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). In contrast, the nonadjuvanted form of MIV-09 displayed lower effectiveness, low seroprotection in healthy children (35%), and suboptimal response in solid organ transplant recipients and children with systemic lupus erythematosus (9)(10)(11)(12)(13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza vaccines differentially regulate the interferon response in human dendritic cell subsets

et al. 2017

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Human dendritic cells (DCs) play a fundamental role in the initiation of long-term adaptive immunity during vaccination against influenza. Understanding the early response of human DCs to vaccine exposure is thus essential to determine the nature and magnitude of maturation signals that have been shown to strongly correlate with vaccine effectiveness. In 2009, the H1N1 influenza epidemics fostered the commercialization of the non-adjuvanted monovalent H1N1 California vaccine (MIV-09) to complement the existing non-adjuvanted trivalent Fluzone®09–10 vaccine (TIV-09). In retrospective studies, MIV-09 displayed lower effectiveness than TIV-09. Here, we show that TIV-09 induces monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), blood conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) to express CD80, CD83, and CD86, and secrete cytokines. TIV-09 stimulated the secretion of type I interferons (IFN) IFN-α and IFN-β and type III IFN IL-29 by moDCs and cDCs subsets. The vaccine also induced the production of IL-6, TNF and the chemokines IP-10 and MIP-1β. Conversely, MIV-09 did not induce the production of type I IFN in moDCs and blood cDCs. Furthermore, it inhibited the TIV-09-induced secretion of type I IFN by these DCs. Yet, both vaccines induced pDCs to secrete type I IFN indicating that different influenza vaccines activate distinct molecular signaling pathways in DC subsets. These results suggest that subtypes of non-adjuvanted influenza vaccines trigger immunity through different mechanisms and that the ability of a vaccine to induce an IFN response in DCs may offset the absence of adjuvant and increase vaccine efficacy.

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“…12 Translated to a wider scale, epidemiological studies have shown decreased rates of ICU admission for H1N1 influenza in countries including Sweden where vaccination is more widely implemented. 14,15 A large multinational study of 5,500 ICU patients showed that ICU patients diagnosed with severe acute respiratory infections were more likely to survive if they had previously been vaccinated against influenza, 16 which has been corroborated. 17 However, whether influenza vaccination is directly responsible for this observed reduction of mortality rates in ICU remains a topic of debate.…”

Section: Influenza Vaccination In Intensive Carementioning

confidence: 89%

Recommendations for Influenza Vaccination in Burns Patients Based on a Systematic Review of the Evidence

Nweze

Hart-Pinto

Philip

et al. 2021

Journal of Burn Care &Amp; Research

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Severe burn injury is a serious systemic insult that can lead to life threatening secondary infections. Immunosuppression, inhalation injury and prolonged length of hospital stay are factors which predispose patients to severe respiratory tract infections. Furthermore, evidence shows that burns can put one at risk of infection long after the original injury. Currently in the United Kingdom, the annual National Flu Immunisation programme outlines guidance for groups who are deemed high risk and therefore eligible for the influenza vaccine. At present, no guidance exists for administration of the influenza vaccine in burn injured patients, despite knowledge of immunosuppression. The aim of this literature review is to examine the evidence for associations between burn injury and influenza and where available, evaluate efficacy of influenza vaccines in this cohort. In addition, literature was searched for the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in patients 65 years and above, and in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU); two domains common to patients with severe burns. Three papers were found to suggest increased susceptibility to influenza following burn injury, however no papers studying the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in this group were found. Several studies demonstrated improved outcomes in patients over 65 years and patients admitted to ICU. Following evaluation of the evidence, this review advocates for the consideration of hospitalized burn patients for the influenza vaccine. We suggest avoidance of vaccine administration in the acute burn phase. Further prospective clinical trials would be required to validate these findings.

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Prevailing effectiveness of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine during the 2010/11 season in Sweden

Abstract: Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches

Cited by 17 publications

References 38 publications

Molecular epidemiology and evolution of influenza a and b viruses

Molecular epidemiology and evolution of influenza a and b viruses

Influenza vaccines differentially regulate the interferon response in human dendritic cell subsets

Recommendations for Influenza Vaccination in Burns Patients Based on a Systematic Review of the Evidence

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