Pretreatment with pentoxifylline attenuates lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats

Abstract

PURPOSE: To investigate the protective effect of pentoxifylline against the lung injury observed after intestinal ischemia (I) followed by a period of reperfusion (R). METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were equally divided into 4 experimental groups and operated under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. (1) Sham: falsely-operated animals; (2) SS+IR: intestinal ischemia was accomplished by clipping the superior mesenteric artery during 60 minutes, with an administration of a standard volume of saline solution (SS) 5 min before the end of the ischemia period; the clip was then releases or a 120-min period of reperfusion; (3) I+PTX+R: ischemia as above, PTX was administered (25 mg/kg) and the gut reperfused as above; (4) PTX+I+PTX+R: Five minutes before arterial occlusion PTX was administered; the superior mesenteric artery was then clipped for 60 minutes. After 55-min ischemia, an additional dosis of PTX was administered; the clip was removed for reperfusion as above. At the 60th min of reperfusion a third dosis of PTX was administered. RESULTS: PTX markedly attenuated lung injury as manifested by significant decreases (all P<0.001 as compared with the SS+IR group) of pulmonary wet/dry tissue weight ratio, total protein content, myeloperoxidase activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Moreover, it was apparent that in the group PTX+I+PTX+R the improvements have been even more significant. CONCLUSION: PTX exerted a protective effect on the lung from the injuries caused by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion.

Pentoxifylline associated to hypertonic saline solution attenuates inflammatory process and apoptosis after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats

“…This could be attributed to the large amount of physiological compensatory mechanisms to maintain the values of BE, BIC and pH within the normal range 23 .The lactate levels are directly and clearly related to the degree of splanchnic hypoperfusion 24,25 .…”

Ischemia and reperfusion of rat small intestine using pentoxyfilline and prostaglandin E1

“…After histological analysis according Chiu et al 20 it was demonstrated that without PTX 1,13,14,16 and PGE1 [17][18][19][20] The PGE1 [17][18][19], is known by its intense vasodilator effect, for being a substance with intense biological activity that has been used for such a longtime to treat. the chronic arterial occlusive disease, since beside to vasodilation capacity it also inhibit platelets aggregation.…”

“…A PTX 1,13,14,16 has an antioxidant action directly inhibiting the anion superoxide that also indirectly block xanthine-oxidase enzyme activity. Therefore, it seems to decrease intensity of inflammatory response reducing neutrophils migration to the local area, decreasing liberation of cytokines, of tumoral necrosis factor, platelet activator factor and endothelin among other factors.…”

“…At those areas the integrity of cell membrane could suffer with hypoxia and the cell itself could miss the ideal amount of energy production as well as accumulate, direct or indirectly, metabolites and inflammatory mediators causing cellular dysfunction [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] .…”

“…PTX has antioxidant action inhibiting directly the anion superoxide, which indirectly blocks the action of the enzyme xanthine-oxidase. Beside to that, it seems to diminish the intensity of inflammatory response, reduce migration of neutrophils to the area, difficult the liberation of citokynes, the tumoral necrosis factor, platellet activating factors and endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor substance, among other factors 1,13,14,16 . The PGE1 is known by its intense vasodilator effect and as a substance with intense biological activity that has been used for such a longtime in the treatment of chronic occlusive arterial disease.…”