Pretreatment of milk thistle seed to increase the silymarin yield: An alternative to petroleum ether defatting

Subramaniam, Senthil; Vaughn, Katherine; Carrier, Danielle Julie; Clausen, Edgar C.

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.071

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…32.31 ± 2.37 mg/g of seeds (72.93 ± 4.71 mg/ml oil) and 39.32 ± 1.31 mg/g of seeds (125.42 ± 4.71 mg/ml oil), respectively) than those already reported by Quaglia et al (1999) (0.47e6.9 mg/g of seeds) and Subramaniam et al (2008) (3.12 mg/g of seeds). Silybin is the most active component of flavonolignans and its quantification is a key step for the determination of biological activity.…”

Section: Tablecontrasting

confidence: 45%

Supercritical CO2 extraction of oil, fatty acids and flavonolignans from milk thistle seeds: Evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in Caco-2 cells

Rahal

Barba

Barth

et al. 2015

Food and Chemical Toxicology

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Section: Tablecontrasting

confidence: 45%

Supercritical CO2 extraction of oil, fatty acids and flavonolignans from milk thistle seeds: Evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in Caco-2 cells

Rahal

Barba

Barth

et al. 2015

Food and Chemical Toxicology

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“…Jasmonate production ubiquitously takes place in plants as a signal to alter gene expression in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In many elicited plant cells, a transient increase of endogenous jasmonate is followed by defense gene expression and the accumulation of secondary metabolites (Zhao and Sakai 2003;Subramaniam et al 2008;Sanchez-Sampedro et al 2005a, b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) seeds have been extracted for their flavonolignans, including silychristin, silydianin, silybin, isosylibin and taxifolin, which are generally known as the silymarins (Subramaniam et al 2008). This plant has been used in medicine for more than 2,000 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the yeast-extract signaling pathway leading to silymarin biosynthesis in milk thistle hairy root culture

Hasanloo

Sepehrifar

Rahnama

et al. 2009

World J Microbiol Biotechnol

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The biosynthesis of silymarin, a potent antihepatotoxic compound, from the dried fruits of Silybum marianum L. Gaertn in hairy root cultures can be stimulated by a yeast extract elicitor. These results correlated with culture time, and the biosynthesis reached a maximum of 0.47 mg g -1 DW by 72 h after culture (2-fold higher than the control). Lipoxygenase activity and linoleic acid content were stimulated by this treatment, suggesting that the jasmonate pathway may mediate the elicitor-induced accumulation of silymarin. The H 2 O 2 content increased 24 h after elicitation and did not have marked changes between 48 and 72 h. In addition, the tocopherol content (especially a-and d-tocopherols) increased 72 h after elicitation in comparison with non-treated cultures. Ascorbate had trace changes during feeding time and was lower than the control. The antioxidant activity was assayed by the 1-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl stable free radical method and results were calculated base on an IC 50 that increased upon treatment, especially 24 h after treatment, with changes related to H 2 O 2 content. These observations suggested that reactive oxygen species may mediate elicitor signals to the jasmonate pathway that lead to the production of silymarin.

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“…Extraction with maceration showed yield almost similar to Soxhlet technique but HPLC analysis confirmed that silymarin contents were much higher in the extract prepared by Soxhlet extraction nhexane is the most commonly used solvent for defatting seeds. In this study, efforts have been made to replace the nhexane with aqueous solution of acids and base (Subramaniam et al, 2008). For this purpose seeds were pretreated with NaOH (1.2%), H2SO4 (1.5%) and NaHCO3 (2%) at various time intervals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then seed residue was air dried for 24 h at room temperatures. This pretreatment was done for defatting, after this seeds were extracted with Soxhlet technique (Subramaniam et al, 2008). v. Microwave assisted-extraction: Powdered seeds (5 g) soaked in 95 mL solvent were placed in microwave oven made for extraction purpose.…”

Section: Experiments IImentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed Enhancement of Silybum marianum and Optimization of Silymarin Extraction

Jahan¹,

Khalil-ur-Rahman²,

Basra³

et al. 2016

IJAB

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The present study elucidates the impact of different priming strategies on seed emergence and growth of milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] and also evaluation of the efficacy of various extraction methods for optimal extraction of silymarin from milk thistle seeds. Seeds were primed with distilled water, Humic acid (2%), potassium chloride (2%) and moringa leaf extract (3%) for 24 h. Untreated seeds were used as control. Primed and non-primed seeds were sown in plastic pots. Seed priming treatments significantly improved the performance of milk thistle seeds as indicated by higher values of final emergence and lower values of mean emergence time and time taken to 50% emergence as compared to non-primed seeds. Silymarin was extracted from seeds of milk thistle by applying various techniques like Reflux, Soxhlet, maceration and microwave assisted extraction by using various solvents. Extraction with Soxhlet and microwave assisted techniques were proved better as compared to the others. The results indicated that in both spectrophotometric and HPLC quantification, silymarin contents were found maximum in extracts prepared with methanol by microwave assisted extraction technique followed by Soxhlet.

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Pretreatment of milk thistle seed to increase the silymarin yield: An alternative to petroleum ether defatting

Cited by 23 publications

References 13 publications

Supercritical CO2 extraction of oil, fatty acids and flavonolignans from milk thistle seeds: Evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in Caco-2 cells

Supercritical CO2 extraction of oil, fatty acids and flavonolignans from milk thistle seeds: Evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in Caco-2 cells

Evaluation of the yeast-extract signaling pathway leading to silymarin biosynthesis in milk thistle hairy root culture

Seed Enhancement of Silybum marianum and Optimization of Silymarin Extraction

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