“…Physical (e.g., ball-milling, microwave, and freeze), chemical (e.g., acid, alkali, ionic liquid, wet oxidation, and organosolv), physicochemical (e.g., steam explosion, hot water, and ammonia fiber explosion), and biological methods could be imposed on biomass samples. , Alkali pretreatment causes breakage of uronic bonds linking lignin to hemicellulose and partial delignification with slight hemicellulose solubilization that improves hydrolysis access to cellulose and hemicellulose. , It can be further combined with freeze pretreatment to facilitate efficient hydrolysis of carbohydrates to fermentable sugars . Alkali pretreated cellulose with freezing achieved a high glucose yield (29.1%) within 10 min at 160 °C with the presence of 5.1 wt % NaCl and 0.06 M HCl under microwave irradiation . But, an appropriate alkali concentration should be maintained to avoid biomass dissolution in alkali solution at low temperatures .…”