“…As well, our study findings might not apply to other types of instructional modes or even to other competencies, such as surgical skills, where pretraining has been shown to improve technical skills. 31 Thus, how the timing of instruction in scenario-based simulation affects other competencies will need to be elucidated. In addition, how these results apply to different settings, such as other medical specialties, training programs, different levels of expertise, subject matter complexity, or to other modes of instruction, are areas for additional research in the field.…”