Preterm birth and nativity among Black women with gestational diabetes in California, 2013–2017: a population-based retrospective cohort study

Scott, Karen A.; Chambers, Brittany D.; Baer, Rebecca J.; Ryckman, Kelli K.; McLemore, Monica R.; Jelliffe‐Pawlowski, Laura L.

doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03290-3

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Imagine if they harnessed that same self-determination and agency that would have enslaved Black women control whether they would bear a child conceived in rape, to carry and give birth to a much-wanted child to term without sacrificing her life. Imagine if cultural rigor– the operationalization of critical race theory, reproductive justice, research justice, and big data intersected with health services provision, health services research, quality improvement, and health care policy–was used to build those new standards ( 29 ). Imagine if the forces that have kept Black people from extinction were better understood and leveraged to improve Black maternal health outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…How much money or education Black people have, how they construct families, what they wear, their hairstyles, diction, and their very breath are constantly under assault even as Black people aspire to be the “right” kind of people as defined by the default standard of whiteness. It begs the question of whether any default standard is the right exemplar for preventing Black maternal death when we examine the maternal health outcomes in lower income countries where the default standard is not whiteness ( 29 ). Too many scholars have been content to describe disparities in reproductive health outcomes specific to Black maternal health, and yet far too few have examined interventions to mitigate the associated drivers of disparities and inequities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Demolishing the Myth of the Default Human That Is Killing Black Mothers

Bray¹,

McLemore

2021

Front. Public Health

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It took a white police officer's knee on George Floyd's neck before white people began to reckon with 400 years of slavery and its aftermath, the effects of which Black people have endured for generations. Monuments are being taken down, flags are being redesigned, and institutions that honored those who denied the humanity of Black people are being renamed. Unfortunately for Sandra Bland, Breonna Taylor, Sha-Asia Washington and countless other Black transgender people including those with capacity for pregnancy, there was no justice even prior to the global pandemic of SARS-Cov-2 or coronavirus; namely racism, violence, and the Black Maternal Health crisis that makes it less likely that Black women will survive pregnancy and childbirth. The purpose of this article is to situate the state of Black people with the capacity for pregnancy in the context of these existing crises to illuminate the myths that racism has perpetuated through science, health services provision and policy. The greatest of these is the myth of a default human that can serve as a standard for the rest of the population. This racist ideal underpins education, provision of care, research, policies, and public health praxis. Demolishing the myth starts with acknowledging that Black people are not the architects of their own destruction: the default standard of whiteness is. The article begins with a historical background on how this myth came to be and elucidates the development and perpetuations of the myth of the default human. Next, we present an evidence based scoping review of the literature to summarize current thinking with specific focus on the Black maternal health crisis, we make policy recommendations and retrofits of upstream public health approaches for existing programs toward health equity. We also situate Black maternal health as part of a reproductive justice frame that centers Black women and birthing people's autonomy and agency. In other words, we use the scoping review to end with reimagining public health policy and provide an actionable roadmap to specifically disrupt the myth of the default human and dismantle racism in education, provision of care, research, policies, and public health praxis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demolishing the Myth of the Default Human That Is Killing Black Mothers

Bray¹,

McLemore

2021

Front. Public Health

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“…This linked database has been used for other peer-reviewed published studies. [13][14][15] The study years were chosen because previous studies assessing disparities in CD rate used cohorts who delivered in or before 2011 and contemporary data are lacking. The study sample was restricted to singletons born from 37 and 42 weeks gestation to non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic White nulliparous birthing people who had records with linked birth certificate and hospital discharge records for mother and infant.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Disparities in the Rates of and Indications for Cesarean Delivery in California: Are They Changing Over Time?

et al. 2021

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Objective: The aim of this study was to assess whether racial disparities in rates of and indications for cesarean delivery (CD) between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White birthing people in California changed from 2011 to 2017. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study using a database of birth certificates linked to discharge records. Singleton term live births in nulliparous Black and White birthing people in California between 2011 and 2017 were included. Those with noncephalic presentation, placenta previa, and placenta accreta were excluded. CD rate and indication were obtained from birth certificate variables and International Classification of Diseases codes. Differences in CD rate and indication were calculated for Black versus White individuals using univariable and multivariable logistic regression and adjusted for potential confounders. Results: A total of 348,144 birthing people were included, 46,361 Black and 301,783 White. Overall, 30.9% of Black birthing people underwent CD compared with 25.3% of White (adjusted relative risk [aRR]: 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–1.3). From 2011 to 2017, the CD rate fell 11% (26.4–23.7%, p < 0.0001) for White birthing people and 1% for Black birthing people (30.4–30.1%, p = 0.037). Over the study period, Black birthing people had a persistent 1.2- to 1.3-fold higher risk of CD and were persistently more likely to undergo CD for fetal intolerance (aRR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.1–1.2) and less likely for active phase arrest or arrest of descent (aRRs: 0.9 and 0.4; 95% CIs: 0.9–0.9 and 0.3–0.5). Conclusion: The CD rate decreased substantially for White birthing people and minimally for Black birthing people in our cohort over the study period. Meanwhile, disparities in CD rate and indications between the two groups persisted, despite controlling for confounders. Although care bundles for reducing CD may be effective among White birthing people, they are not associated with reduction in CD rates among Black birthing people nor improvements in racial disparities between Black and White birthing people. Precis: Despite increasing attention to racial inequities in obstetric outcomes, there were no changes in disparities in CD rates or indications in California from 2011 to 2017. Key Points

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“…These findings are consistent with earlier studies suggesting that foreign-born status is protective of preterm birth. 9 An important limitation of Boakye et al 6 is generalizability of study findings from the Boston Birth Cohort. Additionally, data on immigration status (documented or undocumented), birthplace, income, and health care access were not available.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%