Presymptomatic viral shedding and infective ability of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2

Nissen, Karolina; Hagbom, Marie; Krambrich, Janina; Akaberi, Dario; Sharma, Sumit; Ling, Jiaxin; Hoffman, Tove; Svensson, Lennart; Lundkvist, Åke; Salaneck, Erik

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-36269/v1

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…We recognize that in a school setting close contacts of individuals may not be the only factor in controlling transmission. In particular, very fine particles with long atmospheric residence times may play a contributory role in airborne transmission in enclosed spaces with poor ventilation [29][30][31]. At least qualitatively, this risk is expected to be proportional to the number of people in a room and the duration they remain there.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel approach for evaluating contact patterns and risk mitigation strategies for COVID-19 in English primary schools with application of structured expert judgement

et al. 2021

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Personal contacts drive COVID-19 infections. After being closed (23 March 2020) UK primary schools partially re-opened on 1 June 2020 with social distancing and new risk mitigation strategies. We conducted a structured expert elicitation of teachers to quantify primary school contact patterns and how contact rates changed upon re-opening with risk mitigation measures in place. These rates, with uncertainties, were determined using a performance-based algorithm. We report mean number of contacts per day for four cohorts within schools, with associated 90% confidence ranges. Prior to lockdown, younger children (Reception and Year 1) made 15 contacts per day [range 8.35] within school, older children (Year 6) 18 contacts [range 5.55], teaching staff 25 contacts [range 4.55] and non-classroom staff 11 contacts [range 2.27]. After re-opening, the mean number of contacts was reduced by 53% for young children, 62% for older children, 60% for classroom staff and 64% for other staff. Contacts between teaching and non-teaching staff reduced by 80%. The distributions of contacts per person are asymmetric with heavy tail reflecting a few individuals with high contact numbers. Questions on risk mitigation and supplementary structured interviews elucidated how new measures reduced daily contacts in-school and contribute to infection risk reduction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel approach for evaluating contact patterns and risk mitigation strategies for COVID-19 in English primary schools with application of structured expert judgement

et al. 2021

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“…The inhibitory effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the replication of SARS-CoV-2 was assessed performing a yield reduction assay combined with RT-qPCR for the quantification of viral RNA. Confluent Vero E6 cells, seeded in 12-wells plates, were inoculated with 0.005 multiplicity of infection (MOI) of SARS-CoV-2 isolated in our laboratory [ 3 ] and at the same time treated with either 200 μM or 400 μM of the nitric oxide (NO) donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) (Sigma-Aldrich, product number N3398) or its non S-nitrosated version NAP (Sigma-Aldrich, product number 01423). The chosen SNAP and NAP concentrations were in the same range as used in previous SARS-CoV in vitro tests [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…RNA was extracted using the Direct-zol™-96 RNA kit according to the manufacturer's protocol (Zymo Research, USA). The Envelope (E) gene was quantified by the RT-qPCR assay as described previously [ 3 , 15 ]. The primer pair and probe were based on sequences published by Corman et al [ 16 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the severity and the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2, including a high proportion of asymptomatic carriers [ 3 ], it is of clear importance to find effective therapeutics against COVID-19. Despite extensive efforts to treat the disease and given the limitation in usage and effectiveness of remdesivir [ 4 ], the development of therapeutic interventions is hindered by the lack of effective antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mitigation of the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by nitric oxide in vitro

et al. 2020

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The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is a global public health emergency posing a high burden on nations’ health care systems and economies. Despite the great effort put in the development of vaccines and specific treatments, no prophylaxis or effective therapeutics are currently available. Nitric oxide (NO) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and a potent vasodilator that has proved to be effective in reducing SARS-CoV replication and hypoxia in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Given the potential of NO as treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection, we have evaluated the in vitro antiviral effect of NO on SARS-CoV-2 replication. The NO-donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) had a dose dependent inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 replication, while the non S-nitrosated NAP was not active, as expected. Although the viral replication was not completely abolished (at 200 μM and 400 μM), SNAP delayed or completely prevented the development of viral cytopathic effect in treated cells, and the observed protective effect correlated with the level of inhibition of the viral replication. The capacity of the NO released from SNAP to covalently bind and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3CL recombinant protease in vitro was also tested. The observed reduction in SARS-CoV-2 protease activity was consistent with S-nitrosation of the enzyme active site cysteine.

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“…2 An individual infected with COVID-19, would potentially infect others by natural human actions such as breathing, speaking, coughing, sneezing, etc. 3,4,5 Healthcare professionals are the most vulnerable population since they are caring for infected patients. 6,7 Considering the severity of the pandemic, it is important to reduce and control the spread of the virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a new Aerosol Barrier Mask for mitigation of spread of SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious pathogens

Karam

Hota

Mora

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused huge impact on public health and significantly changed our lifestyle. This is due to the fast airborne oro-nasal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from the infected individuals. The generation of liquid aerosolized particles occurs when the COVID-19 patients speak, sing, cough, sneeze, or simply breathe. We have developed a novel aerosol barrier mask (ABM) to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious pathogens. This Aerosol Barrier Mask is designed for preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission while transporting patients within hospital facilities. This mask can constrain aerosol and droplet particles and trap them in a biofilter, while the patient is normally breathing and administrated with medical oxygen. The system can be characterized as an oxygen delivery and mitigation mask which has no unfiltered exhaled air dispersion. The mask helps to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2, and potentially other infectious respiratory pathogens and protects everyone in general, especially healthcare professionals.

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Presymptomatic viral shedding and infective ability of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

A novel approach for evaluating contact patterns and risk mitigation strategies for COVID-19 in English primary schools with application of structured expert judgement

A novel approach for evaluating contact patterns and risk mitigation strategies for COVID-19 in English primary schools with application of structured expert judgement

Mitigation of the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by nitric oxide in vitro

Development of a new Aerosol Barrier Mask for mitigation of spread of SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious pathogens

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