Presumptive identification of Clostridium difficile by detection of p-cresol in prepared peptone yeast glucose broth supplemented with p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid

Sivsammye, G; Sims, H.

doi:10.1128/jcm.28.8.1851-1853.1990

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…The current data from viability assays, along with the GLC data (Sivsammye & Sims, 1990), indicate that the mechanism of p-cresol tolerance may not be linked to the production of p-cresol, as C. sordellii tolerates p-cresol, yet does not produce it. This hypothesis is supported by preliminary data from a hpdB mutant constructed in an erythromycin-sensitive C. difficile 630 strain (D630erm), which indicate that, although the strain lacks the decarboxylase (via mutation) that enables the conversion of pHPA to p-cresol, it is able to tolerate the same level of p-cresol as the wild type (L. F. Dawson, unpublished data).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…This is of particular interest as it may indicate an overlap in tolerance pathways, or may suggest that the mechanism for p-cresol tolerance has been transferred horizontally or may have evolved via the acquisition of point mutations in similar pathways. However, Sivsammye & Sims (1990) revealed using GLC that neither C. perfringens nor C. sordellii produce p-cresol. To address this issue further, BLASTN analysis was performed with the current published genome sequences available for C. perfringens strains ATCC 13124 and SM101 (Myers et al, 2006), with the C. difficile 630 genes hpdA, hpbB and hpdC, which encode the decarboxylase responsible for converting pHPA to p-cresol.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Assessing the role of p-cresol tolerance in Clostridium difficile

Dawson

Stabler

Wren

2008

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Clostridium difficile is an important nosocomial pathogen, resulting in antibiotic-associated disease ranging from mild diarrhoea to the life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. Upon antibiotic exposure, it is believed that the normal bowel microflora of patients is disrupted, allowing C. difficile to proliferate. Significantly, C. difficile is among only a few bacteria able to ferment tyrosine to p-cresol, a phenolic compound that is toxic to other microbes via its ability to interfere with metabolism. Therefore, the ability of different C. difficile strains to produce and tolerate p-cresol may play an important role in the development and severity of C. difficile-associated disease. In this study, it was demonstrated that two C. difficile hypervirulent 027 strains (Stoke Mandeville and BI-16) are more tolerant to p-cresol than other C. difficile strains including 630, CF4 and CD196. Surprising, it was shown that Clostridium sordellii also has a high tolerance to p-cresol, suggesting an overlap in the tolerance pathways in these clostridial species.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Assessing the role of p-cresol tolerance in Clostridium difficile

Dawson

Stabler

Wren

2008

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Phenols, such as p -cresol, have been proposed to act as procarcinogens in colon cancer (Bone et al, 1976 ). Interestingly, gut bacterial production of p -cresol is significantly related to autism (Clayton, 2012 ; De Angelis et al, 2013 ), and C. difficile appears to be a significant p -cresol producer (Sivsammye and Sims, 1990 ).…”

Section: Metabolites Associated With Microbial Metabolism or Microbiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiota Profiling: Metabolomics Based Approach to Unravel Compounds Affecting Human Health

2016

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The gut microbiota is composed of a huge number of different bacteria, that produce a large amount of compounds playing a key role in microbe selection and in the construction of a metabolic signaling network. The microbial activities are affected by environmental stimuli leading to the generation of a wide number of compounds, that influence the host metabolome and human health. Indeed, metabolite profiles related to the gut microbiota can offer deep insights on the impact of lifestyle and dietary factors on chronic and acute diseases. Metagenomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics are some of the meta-omics approaches to study the modulation of the gut microbiota. Metabolomic research applied to biofluids allows to: define the metabolic profile; identify and quantify classes and compounds of interest; characterize small molecules produced by intestinal microbes; and define the biochemical pathways of metabolites. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are the principal technologies applied to metabolomics in terms of coverage, sensitivity and quantification. Moreover, the use of biostatistics and mathematical approaches coupled with metabolomics play a key role in the extraction of biologically meaningful information from wide datasets. Metabolomic studies in gut microbiota-related research have increased, focusing on the generation of novel biomarkers, which could lead to the development of mechanistic hypotheses potentially applicable to the development of nutritional and personalized therapies.

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“…The production of p -cresol is a unique feature of C. difficile and closely related organisms, and has been exploited for diagnostic purposes in the past ( Sivsammye and Sims, 1990 ; Kuppusami et al, 2015 ). The frequent loss of p -cresol production observed here, however, questions the value of this trait for microbiological diagnostics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent Loss of ABC Transporter Genes From Clostridioides difficile Genomes Is Associated With Impaired Tyrosine Uptake and p-Cresol Production

et al. 2018

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We report the frequent, convergent loss of two genes encoding the substrate-binding protein and the ATP-binding protein of an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter from the genomes of unrelated Clostridioides difficile strains. This specific genomic deletion was strongly associated with the reduced uptake of tyrosine and phenylalanine and production of derived Stickland fermentation products, including p-cresol, suggesting that the affected ABC transporter had been responsible for the import of aromatic amino acids. In contrast, the transporter gene loss did not measurably affect bacterial growth or production of enterotoxins. Phylogenomic analysis of publically available genome sequences indicated that this transporter gene deletion had occurred multiple times in diverse clonal lineages of C. difficile, with a particularly high prevalence in ribotype 027 isolates, where 48 of 195 genomes (25%) were affected. The transporter gene deletion likely was facilitated by the repetitive structure of its genomic location. While at least some of the observed transporter gene deletions are likely to have occurred during the natural life cycle of C. difficile, we also provide evidence for the emergence of this mutation during long-term laboratory cultivation of reference strain R20291.

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Presumptive identification of Clostridium difficile by detection of p-cresol in prepared peptone yeast glucose broth supplemented with p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid

Cited by 25 publications

References 15 publications

Assessing the role of p-cresol tolerance in Clostridium difficile

Assessing the role of p-cresol tolerance in Clostridium difficile

Gut Microbiota Profiling: Metabolomics Based Approach to Unravel Compounds Affecting Human Health

Convergent Loss of ABC Transporter Genes From Clostridioides difficile Genomes Is Associated With Impaired Tyrosine Uptake and p-Cresol Production

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