Pressure Surges in Fire Services of Tall Buildings

Lawson, John D.; O'Neill, Imogen; Graze, Harald R.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-010291-7.50026-4

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Although most of the major research topics listed in the paper, i.e., cavities, column separation, wave celerity, valve characteristics, etc., have been investigated to an advanced stage in Australia, and especially at the University of Melbourne [144], 7 the writer feels that it is appropriate that despite the abovementioned geographical region, he should comment especially on the section which the author has correctly summarized by the following sentence on p. 305, "The lack of adequate information on the thermodynamic aspects of air chamber behavior also prevails in Western Europe and the United Kingdom." Except for a few isolated publications [79, [145][146][147][148][149][150][151], this statement also appears to be true on an international scale.…”

Section: H R Grazementioning

confidence: 99%

“…With due allowance for the previously mentioned exceptions [79, [145][146][147][148][149][150], a review of the literature fails to uncover an article where the behavior of the air is not specified by a fixed constant "n" in the well-known empirical poly tropic equation pV n = constant. This value of n varies from 1.0 for a "slow" process to n -1.4 for a "fast" process and seems to have stabilized, due partly to a lack of knowledge, at 1.2 in recent times [17].…”

Section: H R Grazementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This value of n varies from 1.0 for a "slow" process to n -1.4 for a "fast" process and seems to have stabilized, due partly to a lack of knowledge, at 1.2 in recent times [17]. The concept of a slow or fast process can however be deceptive as evidenced by reference [150] and the recent work carried out in Norway by Svee [152] and Brekke [153],…”

Section: H R Grazementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the first example, reference [150], 7 an air pocket was trapped in the top 'A in. of a long horizontal steel pipe of 4 in.…”

Section: H R Grazementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since only the acceleration term was the important criteria in this particular research object, the choice of n was fortunately not critical. (For further detail, see reference [150]. )…”

Section: H R Grazementioning

confidence: 99%

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Discussion: “Status of Fluid Transients in Western Europe and the United Kingdom. Report on Laboratory Visits by Freeman Scholar” (Martin, C. S., 1973, ASME J. Fluids Eng., 95, pp. 301–311)

Jaeger¹

1973

Journal of Fluids Engineering

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This paper covers a considerable period, extending from 1904 to the present and analyzes papers written in many languages. Some additional information on the very early developments of the theories on hydraulic transients is interesting as it shows how, in 1925-1935, the basic theories had been sufficiently developed, but engineers had to wait for the "computer era" for the full implications of these theories to be understood. Research on waterhammer started in Europe with the first publication by Allievi [129], 3 which he himself translated into French. A German translation by Dubs and Bataillard [130] followed in 1909. Allievi was not really the first to deal correctly with the subject, for Michaud [131], Joukowsky (in 1898 and 1900), and Braun [132, 133] preceded him, but his second publication [54], when translated into French by Gaden in 1921 was so remarkable that he became known as the father of waterhammer theory. Jaeger's Theorie generate du coup de belier [134], published in 1933, generalized the equations of Allievi to a system of conduits such as the pressure tunnel, surge tank and penstock, a configuration for which a solution can also be obtained by the graphical method of Schnyder-Bergeron. Publications on surges published in Canada and the United States were ahead of European ones. A paper by Prasil [135] in 1908 deserves some attention, but the essay on surge stability by Thoma [136] was really the more important publication on the subject, inasmuch as the latter opened up new ways of thinking about surges in their connection with turbine governing. Calame and Gaden [61] extended Thoma's theories in 1927 in another remarkable paper which inspired even further research. Calame and Gaden are also the authors of a classic treatise on surge tank theory, mentioned by the author [361. In spite of a very limited edition (probably not more than 500 copies) it has been amply used by other authors writing in German or in English. Calame and Gaden used a graphical method which allows for the calculation of various surges in surge tanks of the restricted-orifice, or Johnson, type, in cases where direct integration of the equations is not possible. Gaden was equally interested in turbine governing. He became professor at the Technical University of Lausanne (now a Federal Institute of Technology). Among the next generation 'Pully, Switzerland.

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Section: H R Grazementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: H R Grazementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: H R Grazementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the first example, reference [150], 7 an air pocket was trapped in the top 'A in. of a long horizontal steel pipe of 4 in.…”

Section: H R Grazementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since only the acceleration term was the important criteria in this particular research object, the choice of n was fortunately not critical. (For further detail, see reference [150]. )…”

Section: H R Grazementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Discussion: “Status of Fluid Transients in Western Europe and the United Kingdom. Report on Laboratory Visits by Freeman Scholar” (Martin, C. S., 1973, ASME J. Fluids Eng., 95, pp. 301–311)

Jaeger¹

1973

Journal of Fluids Engineering

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Pressure surge in building utility services exacerbated by the presence of trapped or entrained air

Swaffield

Ballanco²,

McDougall

2002

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology

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Pressure transient propagation within building services utility systems is an inevitable consequence of any change in the system operating condition. In common with a wide range of pressure surge applications, these conditions may be analysed and modelled by solving the applicable St Venant equations numerically via the method of characteristics. This paper presents the underlying basis for such models and presents applications within building services utility systems that feature trapped or entrained air as a major modifier of either the transient propagation or the system boundary conditions. In particular, surge pressures exacerbated by the effect of trapped or entrained air are considered, including dry riser and sprinkler applications. The role of entrained air in the occurrence of physical injury following the violent fracturing of a w.c. bowl is discussed and explained in terms of a transient analysis.

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Pressure transient control: Part I — criteria for transient analysis and control

Swaffield¹,

Campbell²,

Gormley

2005

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology

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Pressure transient propagation is a wholly natural consequence of any change in operating conditions for a fluid carrying system. Rapid changes in flow conditions generate surge conditions that may result in system failure. The analysis of these phenomena has progressed over the past 100 years from empirical research aimed at the protection of large-scale pipeline and plant networks to the development of computing simulations to support system design. Pressure surge analysis is therefore a consideration in the design and operation of all fluid systems: the objective of such an analysis being the prediction, control and suppression of transients. This paper presents the background to the development of surge alleviation, from traditional pipeline protection to applications within building drainage and vent systems, thereby stressing that the system failure consequences of transient propagation are dependent on the particular system, independent of absolute surge pressure, and that system protection criteria may be developed that apply regardless of the system or the severity of the transient. Practical application: The control of air pressure transients in building drainage systems has been limited due to the need to attenuate positive pressure propagation via an open termination at roof level - a poor solution as the transient will have affected all system trap seals before reaching the relief vent. The Positive Air Pressure Attenuator - an expandable bag that controls the rate of change of entrained airflow within the system - reduces the possibility of trapseal loss due to positive transient propagation. Potentially this is a major contribution to vent system design that could revolutionize 150 years of design methodology.

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Pressure Surges in Fire Services of Tall Buildings

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Discussion: “Status of Fluid Transients in Western Europe and the United Kingdom. Report on Laboratory Visits by Freeman Scholar” (Martin, C. S., 1973, ASME J. Fluids Eng., 95, pp. 301–311)

Discussion: “Status of Fluid Transients in Western Europe and the United Kingdom. Report on Laboratory Visits by Freeman Scholar” (Martin, C. S., 1973, ASME J. Fluids Eng., 95, pp. 301–311)

Pressure surge in building utility services exacerbated by the presence of trapped or entrained air

Pressure transient control: Part I — criteria for transient analysis and control

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