Pressure-stat aquarium system designed for capturing and maintaining deep-sea organisms

Koyama, Sumihiro; Miwa, Tetsuya; Horii, Masae; Ishikawa, Y.; Horikoshi, Koki; Aizawa, Masuo

doi:10.1016/s0967-0637(02)00098-5

Cited by 38 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The state of our knowledge remains technology and resource limited, but steady advances (Childress et al 1978;Childress 1985;Robison 2000;Koyama et al 2002;Drazen et al 2005) have allowed the live capture, surface maintenance and measurement of a surprisingly large number of deep-sea animals. A necessarily smaller number of oxygen consumption measurements have been made in situ on the deep-sea floor but techniques for these types of investigations have also seen many advances in recent years (Smith 1978;Smith & Baldwin 1997;Priede & Bagley 2000;Bailey et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rate of metabolism in marine animals: environmental constraints, ecological demands and energetic opportunities

Seibel

Drazen

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

276

213

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The rates of metabolism in animals vary tremendously throughout the biosphere. The origins of this variation are a matter of active debate with some scientists highlighting the importance of anatomical or environmental constraints, while others emphasize the diversity of ecological roles that organisms play and the associated energy demands. Here, we analyse metabolic rates in diverse marine taxa, with special emphasis on patterns of metabolic rate across a depth gradient, in an effort to understand the extent and underlying causes of variation. The conclusion from this analysis is that low rates of metabolism, in the deep sea and elsewhere, do not result from resource (e.g. food or oxygen) limitation or from temperature or pressure constraint. While metabolic rates do decline strongly with depth in several important animal groups, for others metabolism in abyssal species proceeds as fast as in ecologically similar shallow-water species at equivalent temperatures. Rather, high metabolic demand follows strong selection for locomotory capacity among visual predators inhabiting well-lit oceanic waters. Relaxation of this selection where visual predation is limited provides an opportunity for reduced energy expenditure. Large-scale metabolic variation in the ocean results from interspecific differences in ecological energy demand.Keywords: metabolism; deep sea; scaling; oxygen consumption; locomotion; marine INTRODUCTIONThe rates of metabolic processes in animals vary tremendously throughout the biosphere (e.g. Bennett 1991; Seibel 2007). The origins and scope of this variation are a matter of active debate. Some emphasize geometric and environmental constraints or resource limitation as its source (e.g. Gillooly et al. 2001;Brown et al. 2004), while others emphasize the diversity of ecological roles that organisms play and the associated energy demands (Childress 1995;Suarez 1996;Reinhold 1999;Clarke 2004;Seibel 2007) as a primary driver of metabolic variation. With this in mind, the present paper addresses three seemingly simple questions: (i) what is the extent of variation in the rate of metabolism across diverse taxa and environments, (ii) what environmental and ecological demands act on organisms to drive selection for high metabolic capacity, and (iii) under what environmental circumstances might such selection be relaxed or capacity be constrained?These questions have been pursued vigorously for decades but the clarity of the debate has been diminished by the subtlety of differences in capacity between the taxa most thoroughly studied, that often

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rate of metabolism in marine animals: environmental constraints, ecological demands and energetic opportunities

Seibel

Drazen

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

276

213

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“…There are three major obstacles in molecular and cellular biological studies of deep-sea multicellular organisms under atmospheric pressure. The first is the development of devices for capturing and maintaining them, because most succumb as a result of decompression and exposure to the hightemperature surface seawater (Koyama and Aizawa 2000;Koyama et al 2002Koyama et al , 2005b. The second is acclimation of the captured organisms to atmospheric conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The third is cells from deep-sea animals and the cryopreservation of these cells under atmospheric conditions. S. Koyama (&) Extremobiosphere Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushimacho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan e-mail: skoyama@jamstec.go.jp M. Aizawa Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Japan In our previous studies, we solved those problems by developing a novel piezostat aquarium system to capture and maintain deep-sea organisms (Koyama et al 2002(Koyama et al , 2003a(Koyama et al , 2003b(Koyama et al , 2005b. Using this system, the deep-sea fish Simenchelys parasiticus (habitat depth, 366-2,630 m; Nakabo 2000) captured from an ocean depth of 1,162 m survived under atmospheric pressure for 5 days after gradual, slow decompression (Koyama et al 2003a(Koyama et al , 2003b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Piezotolerance of the cytoskeletal structure in cultured deep-sea fish cells using DNA transfection and protein introduction techniques

Koyama

Aizawa

2007

Cytotechnology

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We used DNA transfection and protein introduction techniques to investigate the pressure tolerance of cytoskeletal structures in pectoral fin cells derived from the deep-sea fish Simenchelys parasiticus (habitat depth, 366-2,630 m). The deepsea fish cells have G418 resistance. The cell number increased until day 6 of cultivation and all cells had died by day 35 when cultured in 35-mm Petri dishes in medium containing G418. Enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-tagged human b-actin (EYFP-actin) was stably expressed by 1 in 100,000 deep-sea fish cells. Because almost none of the EYFP-actin was incorporated into actin filaments of the cells, we replaced the relatively large EYFP tag with a chemical fluorescent compound and succeeded in incorporating fluorescently labeled rabbit actins into the deep-sea fish actin filaments. Most of the filament structure in the cells with rabbit actin inserted underwent depolymerization when subjected to pressure of 100 MPa for 20 min, in contrast to control cells. There were no differences in the tubulin filament structure between control cells and deep-sea fish cells with fluorescein-labeled bovine tubulin inserted after the application of pressure ranging from 40 to 100 MPa for 20 min.

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“…There are three major obstacles to molecular and cellular biological studies of deep-sea multicellular organisms under atmospheric pressure. The first is the development of devices for capturing and maintaining them, because most succumb as a result of decompression and exposure to the high-temperature surface seawater (Koyama and Aizawa 2000;Koyama et al 2002Koyama et al , 2005a. The second is acclimation of the captured organisms to atmospheric conditions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We solved those three problems by developing a novel piezostat aquarium system to capture and maintain deep-sea organisms (Koyama et al 2002(Koyama et al , 2003a(Koyama et al , b, 2005a and succeeded in the cultivation and freeze-storage of pectoral fin cells from the living deep-sea eel Simenchelys parasiticus (habitat depth, 366-2,630 m; Nakabo 2000) at atmospheric pressure (Koyama et al 2003a(Koyama et al , b, 2005b.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell biology of deep-sea multicellular organisms

Koyama

2007

Cytotechnology

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Establishing tissue cultures derived from deep-sea multicellular organisms has been extremely difficult because of the serious damage they sustain upon decompression and exposure to the high temperature of surface seawater. We developed a novel pressure-stat aquarium system for the study of living deep-sea multicellular organisms under pressure. Using this system, we have succeeded in maintaining a variety of deep-sea multicellular organisms under pressure and atmospheric conditions after gradual, slow decompression. Furthermore, we successfully cultivated and freeze-stocked pectoral fin cells of the deep-sea eel Simenchelys parasiticus collected at a depth of 1,162 m under atmospheric pressure conditions. This review describes novel capture and maintenance devices for deep-sea organisms and cell culture studies of the organisms under atmospheric and pressure conditions.

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Pressure-stat aquarium system designed for capturing and maintaining deep-sea organisms

Cited by 38 publications

References 7 publications

The rate of metabolism in marine animals: environmental constraints, ecological demands and energetic opportunities

The rate of metabolism in marine animals: environmental constraints, ecological demands and energetic opportunities

Piezotolerance of the cytoskeletal structure in cultured deep-sea fish cells using DNA transfection and protein introduction techniques

Cell biology of deep-sea multicellular organisms

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