Pressure retarded osmosis

Zhang, S.; Han, Gang; Li, X.; Wan, Chunfeng; Chung, Tai‐Shung

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100312-1.00002-x

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Tiraferri et al reported experimental data for different membranes including water and salt permeability, as well as structural parameters. According to Zhang et al, membranes with a high water permeability, low salt permeability, and small structural parameters are needed to enhance the water permeation volume, thus increasing energy production; therefore, we decided to use the PRO membrane parameters, selecting them from the experimental data available according to the mentioned recommendations, and the hydraulic parameters correspond to an 8 in. spiral wound module.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Help Reverse Osmosis in Desalination?

Parra

Noriega

Yokoyama

et al. 2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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In a recent study [ParraA. Parra, A. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.20195830603071, the design of reverse osmosis (RO) systems for desalination of water at different concentrations was studied and optimal solutions were obtained. Equipped now with a powerful tool to solve the problem, we explore its use to determine if RO coupled with a pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) unit can improve its economics. We present different configurations and different scenarios of RO integrated with PRO. Possible changes in electricity cost and water and salt permeability effects were also studied. We studied different scenarios of seawater desalination aided by recycled fresh water from users, as well as the limited use of low-salinity water from wells, and we present four configurations of RO-PRO aside from the pure RO case. For the cases we studied, the cost parameters we used, and the scale of the production that we chose, we conclude that PRO does not help RO, that is, the stand-alone RO always shows a lower cost per unit permeate.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Help Reverse Osmosis in Desalination?

Parra

Noriega

Yokoyama

et al. 2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…exp(-kr) r (14) This is the author's peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset.…”

Section: Swelling Equilibrium and Free Energy Of Polyampholyte Hydrogelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Net energy is produced since the energy consumption in charging is less than the energy production in discharging. The most widely studied process is the osmosis-driven pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) 3,13,14 . By placing a semipermeable membrane between two streams of different salinity, water permeates naturally from the lower salinity solution to the higher one.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic analysis and material design to enhance chemo-mechanical coupling in hydrogels for energy harvesting from salinity gradients

Zhang

Lin

Zhao

et al. 2020

Journal of Applied Physics

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The coupling between solution salinity and the mechanics of charged hydrogels presents an opportunity to harvest osmotic energy in a clean and sustainable way. By applying mechanical pressure to retard the swelling or deswelling of hydrogels in saline solutions, the free energy of mixing is converted to mechanical work. This study developed a theoretical framework and experimentally investigated the potential of hydrogels for energy production from salinity gradients. Mathematical modeling revealed the effect of parameters including the charge and elastic modulus of hydrogels, applied pressure, and the solution salinity on energy conversion using different thermodynamic cycles. With proper material design and process control, the thermodynamic efficiency of an ideal process was predicted to exceed 5% with 10 mM and 600 mM NaCl solutions. Experiments with poly (styrene sulphonate) (PSS) hydrogels verified the theoretically predicted trends and demonstrated more than 10% thermodynamic efficiency for moderate-salinity sources, due to the unique swelling-strengthened mechanical properties of the gels. The study suggests the potential of polyelectrolyte hydrogels for extraction of energy from low-to moderate-salinity sources and provides a framework for their design.

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“…The free energy is lost to entropy production if the two solutions are mixed directly; to convert Δ G mix to useful work requires controlled mixing of the salinity gradient in engineered processes. Pressure retarded osmosis, reverse electrodialysis, and capacitive mixing are the leading salinity gradient power generation technologies. ,,− Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) employs salt-rejecting membranes and utilizes the osmotic pressure difference between the two solutions to drive energy production. ,, In reverse electrodialysis (RED), directional transport of charges down a chemical potential gradient occurs across ion-exchange membranes to generate power. ,, In capacitive mixing (CapMix), and also battery mixing (BattMix), the electric potential difference is cyclically varied by alternating an electrode pair in different concentration streams to convert chemical potential energy in the salinity gradient to useful work. ,− …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salinity Gradients for Sustainable Energy: Primer, Progress, and Prospects

Yip

Brogioli

Hamelers³

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

294

183

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Combining two solutions of different composition releases the Gibbs free energy of mixing. By using engineered processes to control the mixing, chemical energy stored in salinity gradients can be harnessed for useful work. In this critical review, we present an overview of the current progress in salinity gradient power generation, discuss the prospects and challenges of the foremost technologies - pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), reverse electrodialysis (RED), and capacitive mixing (CapMix) and provide perspectives on the outlook of salinity gradient power generation. Momentous strides have been made in technical development of salinity gradient technologies and field demonstrations with natural and anthropogenic salinity gradients (for example, seawater-river water and desalination brine-wastewater, respectively), but fouling persists to be a pivotal operational challenge that can significantly ebb away cost-competitiveness. Natural hypersaline sources (e.g., hypersaline lakes and salt domes) can achieve greater concentration difference and, thus, offer opportunities to overcome some of the limitations inherent to seawater-river water. Technological advances needed to fully exploit the larger salinity gradients are identified. While seawater desalination brine is a seemingly attractive high salinity anthropogenic stream that is otherwise wasted, actual feasibility hinges on the appropriate pairing with a suitable low salinity stream. Engineered solutions are foulant-free and can be thermally regenerative for application in low-temperature heat utilization. Alternatively, PRO, RED, and CapMix can be coupled with their analog separation process (reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and capacitive deionization, respectively) in salinity gradient flow batteries for energy storage in chemical potential of the engineered solutions. Rigorous techno-economic assessments can more clearly identify the prospects of low-grade heat conversion and large-scale energy storage. While research attention is squarely focused on efficiency and power improvements, efforts to mitigate fouling and lower membrane and electrode cost will be equally important to reduce levelized cost of salinity gradient energy production and, thus, boost PRO, RED, and CapMix power generation to be competitive with other renewable technologies. Cognizance of the recent key developments and technical progress on the different technological fronts can help steer the strategic advancement of salinity gradient as a sustainable energy source.

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Pressure retarded osmosis

Cited by 11 publications

References 74 publications

Does Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Help Reverse Osmosis in Desalination?

Does Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Help Reverse Osmosis in Desalination?

Thermodynamic analysis and material design to enhance chemo-mechanical coupling in hydrogels for energy harvesting from salinity gradients

Salinity Gradients for Sustainable Energy: Primer, Progress, and Prospects

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