Pressure measurements in the spinal canal of post-mortem human subjects during rear-end impact and correlation of results to the neck injury criterion

Eichberger, Arno; Darok, Mario; Steffan, Hermann; Leinzinger, P; Boström, Ola; Svensson, Mats Y.

doi:10.1016/s0001-4575(99)00097-4

Cited by 60 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Neck pain can arise from a variety of spinal tissues, including the facet joints, ligaments, and surrounding muscles, but the cervical nerve roots are at particular risk for injury due to the possibility for foraminal impingement and=or increased hydrostatic pressure, both of which can be established during rapid head and neck motions (Aldman, 1986;Bostrom et al, 1996;Eichberger et al, 2000;Nuckley et al, 2002;Ö rtengren et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Dependent Mechanics and Measures of Glial Activation and Behavioral Sensitivity in a Rodent Model of Radiculopathy

Rothman

Nicholson

Winkelstein

2010

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Nerve root compression induces persistent behavioral hypersensitivity and spinal glial reactivity. Viscoelastic properties of neural tissues suggest that physiologic outcomes may depend on the duration of an applied nerve root compression. This study evaluated the time-dependent properties of the root under compression in the context of pain-related behavioral and physiologic outcomes. The decrease in applied load measured by load relaxation under compression was quantified for rat cervical (C6-C8) roots in situ for durations of 30 sec, 3 min, or 15 min (n ¼ 6). Immediately following compression, the change in the root width relative to its original width was quantified as a measure of its structural recovery. Both load relaxation and structural recovery were significantly ( p < 0.05) correlated with duration of compression. After 30 sec of compression, load relaxed by 22 AE 10%; increasing to 36 AE 18% and 56 AE 20% at 3 and 15 min, respectively. Following 30 sec, 3 min, and 15 min of compression, the root recovered to 91 AE 5%, 88 AE 5 and 72 AE 13% of its original width, respectively. A companion in vivo study imposed these same compression durations and sham procedures to the C7 root to evaluate pain symptoms and spinal glial reactivity. Allodynia was assessed for 7 days to measure behavioral sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative densitometry detected GFAP and OX-42 in the dorsal horn at day 7. Significant correlations were detected between compression duration and allodynia ( p < 0.03), and astrocyte and microglial activation ( p < 0.01). These biomechanical and glial results imply that a similar duration of compression may modulate both sustained pain and spinal glial reactivity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Dependent Mechanics and Measures of Glial Activation and Behavioral Sensitivity in a Rodent Model of Radiculopathy

Rothman

Nicholson

Winkelstein

2010

Journal of Neurotrauma

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“…Furthermore, during physiological cervical spine extension loading, an increased CSF pressure has been noted. 4,16 In our study, the median nerve SSEPs deteriorated during cervical spine extension in both the CSM patients and the healthy controls. In our CSM patients, the N20 latency and amplitude both tended to progressively deteriorate during the cervical spine extension, and a significant decrease in the N20 amplitude was observed during the cervical spine extension in these patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Dynamic somatosensory evoked potentials to determine electrophysiological effects on the spinal cord during cervical spine extension

Morishita

Maeda

Ueta

et al. 2013

SPI

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Object The goal of this prospective study was to investigate somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) during dynamic motion of the cervical spine and to evaluate the efficacy of analyzing dynamic SSEPs for predicting dynamic effects on the spinal cord in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Methods In total, 40 human subjects (20 CSM patients and 20 healthy volunteers as a control group) were examined prospectively using dynamic SSEPs with median nerve stimulation. The CSM patients showed cervical myelopathy due to cervical cord compression at the C4–5 segment. The SSEPs were examined with the cervical spine in a neutral position and at a 20° extension for 10 and 20 minutes. Changes in the N20 latency and amplitude were determined and analyzed. The authors defined the changes in the N20 latency and N20 amplitude between the neutral and extension positions of the cervical spine as percent latency and amplitude, respectively. Results In the CSM patients, SSEPs tended to deteriorate after cervical spine extension, and a statistically significant deterioration of the N20 amplitude after the extension was observed. Moreover, the percent latency and amplitude progressively increased during cervical spine extension in these patients. In the healthy controls, SSEPs tended to deteriorate with cervical spine extension, but these changes did not result in statistically significant differences. Moreover, in this group the percent latency and amplitude were almost identical during the extension. When the CSM patients and the healthy controls were compared, a significant difference in the percent amplitude was observed between the 2 groups during the cervical spine extension. Conclusions This study suggests the potential of dynamic SSEPs as a useful neurophysiological technique to detect the effect of dynamic factors on the pathogenesis of CSM.

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“…As this shear movement was very instantaneously, the soft tissues around vertebral body such as arteries and nerve roots was stretched and sheared at high strain rate, and injured. The injuries of arteries and nerve roots correlated with the headache, neck pain, dizziness and numbness in a limb (19) . We thought that this was one of the most important causes of whiplash injury reported by much of the literature (10), (14), (19), (20) , and thus new drivers' seat should be developed to prevent shear movements of vertebral bodies (18) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Numerical Analysis of Three-Dimensional Cervical Behaviors in Posterior-Oblique Car Collisions Using 3-D Human Whole Body Finite Element Model

Kang

Jung

Tanaka

et al. 2005

JSME Int. J., Ser. C

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Whiplash injuries are most common disorders in rear-end car accidents, while the injury mechanism is yet unknown. Many numerical and experimental approaches have conducted to investigate the cervical behaviors with solely two-dimensional analyses in the sagittal plane. In real accidents, however, as impacts may affect several directions, the cervical behaviors should be evaluated three-dimensionally. Therefore, we evaluated the cervical behaviors under assumption of the posterior-oblique impacts depending on the impact angles with 3-D FE analysis. In addition, we analyzed the stresses occurred in the facet joints considering the relationship with a whiplash disorders. The cervical behaviors showed complex motion combined with axial torsion and lateral bending. The bending angle peaked in the impact at the angle of 15• , and the peak compressive and shear stress on the facet cartilage at C6-C7increased by 11% and 14%. In the impact at the angle of 30• , the torsion angle peaked at C2-C3, the peak shear stress in the facet cartilage increased by 27%. It showed that the torsion and lateral bending affected the cervical behaviors, and caused the increase of peak stresses on the soft tissues. It is assumed as one of important causes of whiplash injury.

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Pressure measurements in the spinal canal of post-mortem human subjects during rear-end impact and correlation of results to the neck injury criterion

Cited by 60 publications

References 3 publications

Time-Dependent Mechanics and Measures of Glial Activation and Behavioral Sensitivity in a Rodent Model of Radiculopathy

Time-Dependent Mechanics and Measures of Glial Activation and Behavioral Sensitivity in a Rodent Model of Radiculopathy

Dynamic somatosensory evoked potentials to determine electrophysiological effects on the spinal cord during cervical spine extension

Numerical Analysis of Three-Dimensional Cervical Behaviors in Posterior-Oblique Car Collisions Using 3-D Human Whole Body Finite Element Model

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