Abstract:The adiabatic elastic constants of single crystals of ice Ih from the Mendenhall Glacier, and the longitudinal and transverse speeds of sound of polycrystalline ice aggregates, have been measured in the range 0–2.8 kbar at −35.5 °C by Brillouin spectroscopy. The ice was held in a 10 kbar optical cell that allowed the sample to be rotated under loads of up to 10 kbar about one axis from outside the cell. The elastic constants C11, C12, C13, C33, and C44, and the bulk modulus are quadratic in the pressure range … Show more
“…Pure dioctyl sebacate was initially used as the hydraulic fluid. However, contrary to previous claims that the fluid remains clear to −35°C and 300 MPa, 8 we found pure dioctyl sebacate clouded below ϳ10°C at the lowest pressures employed ͑50 MPa͒. This may have been due to the presence of the silicone, which was found to gel irreversibly at moderate pressures, and at the lowest pressure at temperatures below the freezing point of water.…”
Section: E Hydraulic Fluidcontrasting
confidence: 85%
“…7 observed that DOS remained clear to −35°C and 300 MPa. 8 We found dioctyl sebacate alone clouded below ϳ10°C at the lowest pressures employed ͑50 MPa͒. This may have been due to the presence of the silicone grease used to seal the sample cuvette.…”
Section: Maintaining An Optically Neutral Pressure Mediummentioning
The simulator for icy world interiors (SIWI) was developed for sound velocity measurements in simulated extraterrestrial ocean materials by the method of impulsive stimulated scattering (ISS). The design and operation of SIWI are described. Optical measurements at low temperature in corrosive solution were enabled by enclosing sample fluid in a stoppered spectrophotometric cuvette. To maintain minimum optical density it was necessary to limit contact of the dioctyl sebacate hydraulic fluid with nitrile o-rings, which caused discoloring enhanced absorption of the 532 nm ISS probe pulses. Dilution of hydraulic fluid with kerosene in the amount of 5% by volume prevented clouding at high pressures and at low temperatures. Pure kerosene was found to attenuate the ISS signal, and so was deemed unsatisfactory at low temperatures where the lower thermal expansion of water leads to weaker density contrasts between heated and unheated regions in the sample fluid. When 50 cS silicone oil was used as a hydraulic medium, clouding was observed at pressures above 400 MPa when temperatures were raised above approximately 50 degrees C and lowered to less than approximately 10 degrees C. To our knowledge, such clouding has not been reported previously for dioctyl sebacate, nor for silicone at such low pressures.
“…Pure dioctyl sebacate was initially used as the hydraulic fluid. However, contrary to previous claims that the fluid remains clear to −35°C and 300 MPa, 8 we found pure dioctyl sebacate clouded below ϳ10°C at the lowest pressures employed ͑50 MPa͒. This may have been due to the presence of the silicone, which was found to gel irreversibly at moderate pressures, and at the lowest pressure at temperatures below the freezing point of water.…”
Section: E Hydraulic Fluidcontrasting
confidence: 85%
“…7 observed that DOS remained clear to −35°C and 300 MPa. 8 We found dioctyl sebacate alone clouded below ϳ10°C at the lowest pressures employed ͑50 MPa͒. This may have been due to the presence of the silicone grease used to seal the sample cuvette.…”
Section: Maintaining An Optically Neutral Pressure Mediummentioning
The simulator for icy world interiors (SIWI) was developed for sound velocity measurements in simulated extraterrestrial ocean materials by the method of impulsive stimulated scattering (ISS). The design and operation of SIWI are described. Optical measurements at low temperature in corrosive solution were enabled by enclosing sample fluid in a stoppered spectrophotometric cuvette. To maintain minimum optical density it was necessary to limit contact of the dioctyl sebacate hydraulic fluid with nitrile o-rings, which caused discoloring enhanced absorption of the 532 nm ISS probe pulses. Dilution of hydraulic fluid with kerosene in the amount of 5% by volume prevented clouding at high pressures and at low temperatures. Pure kerosene was found to attenuate the ISS signal, and so was deemed unsatisfactory at low temperatures where the lower thermal expansion of water leads to weaker density contrasts between heated and unheated regions in the sample fluid. When 50 cS silicone oil was used as a hydraulic medium, clouding was observed at pressures above 400 MPa when temperatures were raised above approximately 50 degrees C and lowered to less than approximately 10 degrees C. To our knowledge, such clouding has not been reported previously for dioctyl sebacate, nor for silicone at such low pressures.
“…For this pressure range we assume a linear P-V relationship and B 0 0 is fixed at 4. The fitting results shows that the unit cell volume for Ar filled-ice at zero pressure (V 0 ) should be around 317 Å 3 , and the bulk modulus at zero pressure (B 0 )i s 11.7 ± 0.4 GPa, which is greater than that of ice-Ih (8.97 GPa [29]). Previously, the bulk modulus of methane filled-ice was calculated by Hirai et al [27] (15.4 GPa) and Loveday et al [30] (15.2 GPa).…”
The structure of argon hydrate was studied at ambient pressure and low temperature, and between 1.7 and 4.2 GPa at 295 K. This analysis produced a single Ar guest atom, positionally disordered off-center in the large cages of sII. Above 1.7 GPa Ar clathrate transformed to a mixture of a body-centered orthorhombic filled-ice phase, which can be viewed as a polytype of ice-Ih, and high pressure forms of pure ice. The guest disorder is further substantiated by analysis of the guest to host ratio in this high pressure filled-ice structure. The bulk modulus of Ar filled-ice found to be 11.7 ± 0.4 GPa.
“…Published data on ice compressibility vary up to a factor of 3.6 between different authors. In TEOS-10, the related uncertainty of mechanical measurements could be reduced by a factor of 100 to about 1 % Wagner, 2004, 2005) using crystallographic spectroscopy data (Gammon et al, 1980Gagnon et al, 1988); see Fig. 2.…”
Abstract. In the terrestrial climate system, water is a key player in the form of its different ambient phases of ice, liquid and vapour, admixed with sea salt in the ocean and with dry air in the atmosphere. For proper balances of climatic energy and entropy fluxes in models and observations, a highly accurate, consistent and comprehensive thermodynamic standard framework is requisite in geophysics and climate research. The new Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater -2010 (TEOS-10) constitutes such a standard for properties of water in its various manifestations in the hydrological cycle.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.