Pressure and temperature induced red-shift of the sodium D-line during HMX deflagration

Abstract

The sodium D-line is often present in optical spectra of combustion due to its high prevalence and emissivity. Collision theory predicts the spectral peak to have a red-shift dependent on pressure, P, and temperature, T. Here we show that the conditions reached during deflagration of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) permit the red-shift of the sodium D-line to be calibrated to 1.5 GPa. Deflagration at these pressures is achieved using a split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus, with temperatures of circa 2900 K from the greybody continuum away from spectral features. Lower deflagration pressures, of 0.5 to 0.9 GPa, are achieved in a fallhammer test, with temperatures of circa 4000 K. The red-shift exhibits the predicted PT −0.7 dependence with a constant of proportionality of (950 ± 30) GPa -1 · K 0.7 · nm. Using the serendipitous presence of sodium, this optical technique allows for fast measurements of both pressure and temperature from the same light source in one measurement.

Time limited self-organised criticality in the high rate deformation of face centred cubic metals

“…In order to test plasticity models at high rates, we have recently developed empirical methods [24][25][26] that can distinguish instantaneous and structural strength contributions in uniaxial compression experiments, from the quasi-static regime, up to rates as high as 10 5 s −1 . Below 10 4 s −1 established split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and universal testing machine methods can be used 8,27 .…”