Pressor Pathways Not Blocked by Tetraethylammonium

Freyburger, Walter A.; Gruhzit, Carl C.; Moe, Gordon K.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1950.163.2.290

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Reasons are given for suggesting that the pressor action of tetraethylammonium chloride is a result of its direct vasoconstrictor action in the absence of a concomitant depressor effect. 4. Evidence is presented for exclusion of increases of sympathoadrenal and cortical hormones as the mechanism of tolerance, and other possibilities are discussed.…”

Section: Tolerance To Prolonged Ganglionic Blockadementioning

confidence: 98%

Studies on Tolerance to Ganglionic Blocking Agents in Man

Dontas

Hoobler

1954

Circulation

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The hypotensive effects of intravenous injections of tetraethylammonium and hexamethonium chloride diminish and finally become pressor during the course of short-term treatment with subcutaneous hexamethonium. Evidence is presented to indicate that this "tolerance" is associated with a decreased sympathetic tone in the feet and forearm and is not due to increased amounts of circulating adrenal medullary or cortical hormones. Possibilities are discussed for this apparent vascular autonomy and the locus of vasoconstriction. Cross tolerance appeared between several ganglionic blocking agents tested and extended to a minor degree to adrenergic blocking agents.

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Section: Tolerance To Prolonged Ganglionic Blockadementioning

confidence: 98%

Studies on Tolerance to Ganglionic Blocking Agents in Man

Dontas

Hoobler

1954

Circulation

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“…It has been known for many years that nicotinic antagonists are not 100% effective in blocking the ganglia of sympathetic vasomotor pathways. 1 This applies across mammalian species, including humans. The factors associated with this turn out to be interesting and potentially important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Neglected ‘Accessory’ Vasomotor Pathway: Implications for Blood Pressure Control

McAllen

Allen

Bratton

2005

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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1. Distinct from 'regular' sympathetic preganglionic neurons, there exists a population of 'accessory' preganglionic neurons. The latter are distinguishable by their unmyelinated axons and their different functional properties. They synapse on the same ganglion cells. 2. Ongoing sympathetic activity is driven by 'regular' preganglionic neurons. 3. 'Accessory' preganglionic neurons drive hexamethonium-resistant ganglionic transmission: part of this is muscarinic and part not (possibly peptidergic or nitrergic). 4. 'Accessory' preganglionic neurons supply cardiovascular (vasomotor, cardiac, adrenal), but apparently not other, sympathetic pathways. 5. 'Accessory' preganglionic neurons are activated by arterial chemoreceptors. 6. Brief activation of 'accessory' preganglionic neurons potentiates ongoing post-ganglionic activity for tens of minutes by an action at the ganglion. This is probably by enabling previously subthreshold excitatory post-synaptic potentials to trigger action potentials. 7. Evidence is presented that microinjections of GABA into the rostral ventrolateral medulla activate the 'accessory' pathway while inhibiting the 'regular' pathway. 8. A role for this 'accessory' pathway in the long-term control of blood pressure in health and disease is predicted, but still untested.

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Caution With Regard to Use of Hexamethonium and "Apresoline"

Grimson¹

1952

JAMA

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Pressor Pathways Not Blocked by Tetraethylammonium

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Studies on Tolerance to Ganglionic Blocking Agents in Man

Studies on Tolerance to Ganglionic Blocking Agents in Man

A Neglected ‘Accessory’ Vasomotor Pathway: Implications for Blood Pressure Control

Caution With Regard to Use of Hexamethonium and "Apresoline"

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