4 In the Federal Republic of Germany, the first concept seems to have presented by Rolf Schörken in his "Geschichtsdidaktik und Geschichtsbewußtsein," GWU 23 (1972), 81-89. In the German Democratic Republic, this work began 10 years earlier and was soon conceptualized empirically. The results, however, were published only to a limited extent. Among others, see Marko Demantowsky, "Der Beginn demoskopischer Geschichtsbewusstseins-Forschung in Deutschland: Die Forschungsgruppe 'Sozialistisches Geschichtsbewusstsein' am Institut für Gesellschaftswissenschaften beim ZK der SED," Zeitschrift für Geschichtsdidaktik 4 ( 2005), 146-75. 5 Johann Gustav Droysen, Grundriss der Historik (Leipzig: Veit, 1868); translated into English by Elisha B. Andrews as Outlines of the Principles of History (Boston: Ginn & Company, 1897).