Press-pulse: a general theory of mass extinction?

Arens, Nan Crystal; West, Ian D.

doi:10.1666/07034.1

Cited by 118 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 135 publications

(126 reference statements)

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“…The novelty of the metabolic approach to cancer management involves the implementation of a synergistic combination of nutritional ketosis, cancer metabolic drugs and HBO 2 T. This therapeutic approach would be similar to the 'Press-Pulse' scenario for the mass extinction of organisms in ecological communities (223,224). The KD-R would act as a sustained 'Press', whereas HBO 2 T and metabolic drugs would act as a 'Pulse' for the mass elimination of tumor cells in the body.…”

Section: Implications For Novel Therapeuticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer as a Metabolic Disease: Implications for Novel Therapeutics

Seyfried¹

2013

AACR Education book

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Section: Implications For Novel Therapeuticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer as a Metabolic Disease: Implications for Novel Therapeutics

Seyfried¹

2013

AACR Education book

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“…Putative factors proposed to drive temporal fluctuation in biodiversity include biotic drivers, such as competition between taxa (13,14) and predation intensity (15). Alternatively, abiotic variables such as sea level change (16,17), nutrient inputs and shelf redox conditions (17,18), plate tectonic events (19), volcanism (20), bolide impacts (21), and global climate (8) have been invoked. The competing paradigms are labeled the "biotic" Red Queen and the "abiotic" Court Jester (22).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiversity tracks temperature over time

Mayhew

Bell

Benton

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

155

145

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The geographic distribution of life on Earth supports a general pattern of increase in biodiversity with increasing temperature. However, some previous analyses of the 540-million-year Phanerozoic fossil record found a contrary relationship, with paleodiversity declining when the planet warms. These contradictory findings are hard to reconcile theoretically. We analyze marine invertebrate biodiversity patterns for the Phanerozoic Eon while controlling for sampling effort. This control appears to reverse the temporal association between temperature and biodiversity, such that taxonomic richness increases, not decreases, with temperature. Increasing temperatures also predict extinction and origination rates, alongside other abiotic and biotic predictor variables. These results undermine previous reports of a negative biodiversity-temperature relationship through time, which we attribute to paleontological sampling biases. Our findings suggest a convergence of global scale macroevolutionary and macroecological patterns for the biodiversity-temperature relationship.climate change | Court Jester | mass extinction | Red Queen | rock record B eyond small geographical scales, biodiversity consistently decreases with latitude (1-3), reflecting a strong, probably causal, association between warmer climates and standing richness in both the terrestrial, water availability permitting (4), and marine realms (5, 6). Our understanding of the association between biodiversity and warm climates in space contrasts strongly with our models of how climate explains global diversity through time (7). One analysis of compendia of fossil taxa suggests that biodiversity declines with increasing global temperatures (8), but the focus on temperature as the driver, without reference to other variables, has drawn criticism (7). Analyses at smaller scales (geographic, temporal, or taxonomic) are equivocal (9). How can it be that warm temperatures should apparently have negative effects on biodiversity through time while also having positive effects across space (10) (i.e., contrasting macroevolutionary and macroecological patterns)? Recently, however, our understanding of past changes in biodiversity has been transformed by the application of techniques to control for sampling bias in paleodiversity data (11). Here we apply more-robust measures of fossil diversity, origination, and extinction through time to reevaluate the role of temperature in the context of other potential environmental drivers.Much effort to understand macroevolutionary changes through the Phanerozoic has focused on marine invertebrates, first through Sepkoski's genus-level compendium (12) and latterly via the Paleobiology Database Project (PaleoDB) (11). Putative factors proposed to drive temporal fluctuation in biodiversity include biotic drivers, such as competition between taxa (13, 14) and predation intensity (15). Alternatively, abiotic variables such as sea level change (16,17), nutrient inputs and shelf redox conditions (17, 18), plate tectonic events (19), volcan...

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“…The result of this is the almost total reorganisation of marine and terrestrial ecosystems, with substantial evidence for a protracted mode of coupled ecological and faunal turnover. However, the degree to which these environmental and faunal patterns are linked, and therefore supportive of the press-pulse theory of extinction (Arens & West, 2008), with a combination of gradual changes ('press') and sudden, catastrophic disturbances ('pulse') altering the composition of ecosystems, remains to be tested.…”

Section: (4) Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover

Mannion¹,

Upchurch²,

Sutton³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous interval represents a time of environmental upheaval and cataclysmic events, combined with disruptions to terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Historically, the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary was classified as one of eight mass extinctions. However, more recent research has largely overturned this view, revealing a much more complex pattern of biotic and abiotic dynamics than has previously been appreciated. Here, we present a synthesis of our current knowledge of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous events, focusing particularly on events closest to the J/K boundary. We find evidence for a combination of short-term catastrophic events, large-scale tectonic processes and environmental perturbations, and major clade interactions that led to a seemingly dramatic faunal and ecological turnover in both the marine and terrestrial realms. This is coupled with a great reduction in global biodiversity which might in part be explained by poor sampling. Very few groups appear to have been entirely resilient to this J/K boundary 'event', which hints at a 'cascade model' of ecosystem changes driving faunal dynamics. Within terrestrial ecosystems, larger, more-specialised organisms, such as saurischian dinosaurs, appear to have suffered the most. Medium-sized tetanuran theropods declined, and were replaced by larger-bodied groups, and basal eusauropods were replaced by neosauropod faunas. The ascent of paravian theropods is emphasised by escalated competition with contemporary pterosaur groups, culminating in the explosive radiation of birds, although the timing of this is obfuscated by biases in sampling. Smaller, more ecologically diverse terrestrial non-archosaurs, such as lissamphibians and mammaliaforms, were comparatively resilient to extinctions, instead documenting the origination of many extant groups around the J/K boundary. In the marine realm, extinctions were focused on low-latitude, shallow marine shelf-dwelling faunas, corresponding to a significant eustatic sea-level fall in the latest Jurassic. More mobile and ecologically plastic marine groups, such as ichthyosaurs, survived the boundary relatively unscathed. High rates of extinction and turnover in other macropredaceous marine groups, including plesiosaurs, are accompanied by the origin of most major lineages of extant sharks. Groups which occupied both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, including crocodylomorphs, document a selective extinction in shallow marine forms, whereas turtles appear to have diversified. These patterns suggest that different extinction selectivity and ecological processes were operating between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which were ultimately important in determining the fates of many key groups, as well as the origins of many major extant lineages. We identify a series of potential abiotic candidates for driving these patterns, including multiple bolide impacts, several episodes of flood basalt eruptions, dramatic climate change, and major disruptions to oceanic systems. The J/K t...

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Press-pulse: a general theory of mass extinction?

Cited by 118 publications

References 135 publications

Cancer as a Metabolic Disease: Implications for Novel Therapeutics

Cancer as a Metabolic Disease: Implications for Novel Therapeutics

Biodiversity tracks temperature over time

Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover

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