Preservation of Trace Fossils

Hallam, A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65923-2_4

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The final paradox is that when the last great advances in ichnology ultimately came, in the 1950's and early ~O ' S , most of the uniformitarian 'keys' were derived not from recent environments but from the rock record. Studies of the recent did help establish a meaningful ethological classification of lebensspuren (Simpson 1975); but ancient traces were the mainstay of preservational classifications (Hallam 1975) and, especially, facies analyses (Crimes 1975;Howard 1975;Rhoads 1975). It was the latterthe proven worth of trace fossils in paleoecological interpretation and environmental reconstruction that eventually generated the keen interest found in ichnology today, both as a subject worthy of serious attention and as a matter for increased uniformitarian comparisons.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…insects (Chamberlain 1975b). history is directly analogous to the ontogeny of tracemakers (Table 2B) whereas in others it is not (Table 2A). Preservational processes also must be added to the gamut (Hallam 1975).…”

Section: Change In Both Morphology and Function Of Tracementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perhaps most surprising in all of the above, however, is that until a short time ago (Seilacher 1956;Glaessner 1962) virtually no use was made of trace fossils in documenting the first appearance of complex animals in the fossil record. Ichnologic research has demonstrated that, in general, lebensspuren are more readily preservable than are body parts (Hallam 1975) and soft-bodied animals can make lebensspuren equally as distinctive and complex as those of 'shelled' animals (Elders 1975). Hence, the dearth of trace fossils through most of the Proterozoic essentially mirrors the dearth of metazoans there.…”

Section: Earliest Records Of Behavior Among Metazoansmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uniformity in marine invertebrate ichnology

Frey

Seilacher

1980

LET

343

133

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Relationships between ichnology and uniformitarianism are perhaps less complicated than those of their sister subdisciplines, paleontology and paleoecology. Trace fossils are manifestations of benthic behavior; and these traits, although evolving in significant ways, have remained stable over longer spans of time than individual species of invertebrates. The fossil record of behavior in fact originated earlier than the fossil record of invertebrate body parts. Although macroinvertebrates and their traces exhibit tremendous diversity of form and function, these fit into a relatively small number of behavioral patterns. The patterns, in turn, may correlate with prevailing environmental conditions, resulting in gradients among trace fossil assemblages, or ichnofacies. Behavioral patterns and characteristic ichnofacies therefore constitute the main basis for uniformity in ichnology. Thus, the most fundamental questions are: What is the specific function represented by the trace? How will it change as the tracemaker is influenced by other genetic, physiologic, or ecologic stimuli? In which facies will it likely occur? and what preservational biases are apt to modify the fossil record of this behavior and its environmental distribution? Approached from this standpoint, the present is indeed a key to the ichnologic past, and vice versa. In practice, however, the present has been studied considerably less than its importance would dictate.

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Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Change In Both Morphology and Function Of Tracementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Earliest Records Of Behavior Among Metazoansmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uniformity in marine invertebrate ichnology

Frey

Seilacher

1980

LET

343

133

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“…Sur l'affleure- (Hallam, 1975;Chamberlin, 1975). En plan, elles montrent un réseau horizontal de tirets sinueux en épirelief concave caractéristique des traces de mobilité d'organismes.…”

Section: Mesures De Quelques Unités Laminées De La Vallée Du Saint-launclassified

Les Varves de Deschaillons, les Rythmites du Saint-Maurice et les Rythmites de Leclercville, Pléistocène supérieur, vallée du Saint-Laurent, Québec

Besré¹,

Occhietti²

2007

gpq

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II est possible de distinguer les unités laminées de la vallée moyenne du Saint-Laurent par des critères intrinsèques. Les Varves de Deschaillons, antérieures aux Sédiments de Saint-Pierre, comportent des bioturbations à la base de l'unité. Verticalement, la texture du lit d'été devient plus fine et le rapport d'épaisseur entre le lit d'été (E) et celui d'hiver (H) diminue (3,8 à 0,7). La concentration pollinique diminue rapidement vers le sommet et le contenu indique un faible pourcentage de grains de pollen d'arbres thermophiles (1 à 3 %). Les Varves de Deschaillons représentent un épisode glacio-lacustre de type distal d'une durée de plus de 3800 ans. Les rythmites postérieures aux Sédiments de Saint-Pierre sont appelées Rythmites du Saint-Maurice. Les lits grossiers (silteux) contiennent des traces d'organismes benthiques. La taille des couplets augmente vers le sommet de l'unité (1 à 20 cm), mais le rapport E/H reste relativement constant (1,1 à 1,6). Les rythmites ont un contenu pollinique riche, avec un pourcentage moyen de grains de pollen d'arbres thermophiles (5 à 7 %). Elles représentent une sédimentation lacustre d'une durée estimée à 1000 ans. Le lac, appelé Lac de La Vérendrye, était très distal, à alimentation multiple et à stratification thermique durant la période d'apport sédimentaire. Les rythmites de Leclercville sont formées de couplets annuels, centimétriques. Les traces de mobilité d'organismes benthiques témoignent de l'oxygénation du fond du bassin et du brassage de la colonne d'eau en période estivale. Les rythmites de Leclercville représentent une sédimentation lacustre de courte durée, au moins 300 ans, dans un plan d'eau calme, très distal. Elles sont antérieures au Till de Gentilly, mais leur position stratigraphique reste à préciser.By using intrinsic features it is possible to distinguish the different laminated sediments of the central St. Lawrence Valley. The Deschaillons Varves, older than the St. Pierre Sediments, contain bioturbations in the lower part of the unit. From the base to the top, the texture of summer beds becomes finer and the thickness ratio (E/H) of summer (E) and winter (H) beds decreases (3,8 to 0,7). The pollen concentration decreases rapidly toward the top of the unit and the content shows a low percentage of thermophilous trees (1 to 3 %). The Deschaillons Varves represent a distal glaciolacustrine event that lasted over 3800 years. The rhythmites overlying the St. Pierre Sediments are named the St. Maurice Rhythmites. The coarse (silty) beds contain benthic fauna traces. The thickness of the couplets increases toward the top of the unit (from 1 to 20 cm) but the E/H ratio remains relatively constant (1,1 to 1,6). The pollen content is high with a mean percentage of thermophilous trees (5 to 7 %). The St. Maurice Rhythmites represent a lacustrine event that lasted around 1000 years. The lake, named Lake de La Vérendrye, was very distal with multiple feeder streams and with thermal stratification during the summer period. The Leclercville rhythmites are chara...

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“…6b). The traces found on bedding planes appear to be systematically constructed, convex epirelief structures (Hallam 1975) that meander across the sediment surface. They are probably Pascichnia (feeding trails) or Repichnia (locomotion traces) (terms from Seilacher 1964a,b); the former interpretation is preferred because the traces cover a considerable area of the sediment without reworking previously formed structures; this probably reflects the organism's grazing or its search for food.…”

Section: Bioturbationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedimentology of sandwaves in an oolite shoal complex in the Cadeby (Magnesian Limestone) Formation (Upper Permian) of eastern England

Kaldi

1986

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Sedimentology of sandwaves in an oolite shoal complex in the Cadeby (Magnesian Limestone) Formation (Upper Permian) of eastern England J. KaldiSUMMARY: Four depositional facies are recognizable in the Sprotbrough Member of the Cadeby Formation (formerly the Lower Magnesian Limestone) in eastern England; they are sabkha, semi-restricted lagoon, oolite shoal complex and open marine shelf. Of these, the oolite shoal complex occupies most of the present outcrop in the Yorkshire Province, i.e. south of the Cleveland High. It comprises large-scale cross-stratified oolite bedforms that are interpreted as sandwaves from their size, type of sediment and internal features. The sandwaves probably originated from the concentration of wave energy by eminences on the floor of the Zechstein Sea. Biogenic structures in the sandwaves show that they were inhabited by marine organisms. A complex pattern of palaeocurrent styles and azimuths is present within the sandwaves. At many exposures, the long axes of the sandwaves trend NW-SE, suggesting predominant currents normal to this direction. A predominant current from the NE is further indicated by the preferential abutment of SW-dipping beds on the NE flanks of bedforms; this was caused by sandwaves that climbed the backs of others. Occasional storms from the SE produced spillover lobes oriented towards the NW. Storms were also probably responsible for the formation of internal structures such as hummocky cross-stratification, fan-shaped bedding and contemporaneous erosion surfaces.

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Preservation of Trace Fossils

Abstract: SYNOPSIS

Cited by 25 publications

References 12 publications

Uniformity in marine invertebrate ichnology

Uniformity in marine invertebrate ichnology

Les Varves de Deschaillons, les Rythmites du Saint-Maurice et les Rythmites de Leclercville, Pléistocène supérieur, vallée du Saint-Laurent, Québec

Sedimentology of sandwaves in an oolite shoal complex in the Cadeby (Magnesian Limestone) Formation (Upper Permian) of eastern England

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