Preservation of historic adobe structures :

Clifton, James R

doi:10.6028/nbs.tn.934

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…To prevent disintegration, various soil stabilizers are added to the basic soil mix to waterproof the brick or to increase its resistance to weathering. As many as 20 different stabilizing materials have been found in use (Wolfskill et al, 1970), the most common being sand, straw, portland cement, lime, and bituminous and asphalt emulsions (Clifton, 1977). In New Mexico, asphalt emulsions (Clifton, 1977), are widely used by the large-scale commercial producers to protect bricks drying in open yards during intense rains.…”

Section: Stabilizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adobe, pressed-earth, and rammed earth industries in New Mexico

Smith¹,

Austin²

1996

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Published as public domain, therefore reproducible without permission. Source credit requested. V PrefaceMud is the oldest building material mastered by man. Since the birth of civilization, people have used mud to construct homes. Today, soil remains the primary building material for over 50% of the world's population. In the United States, one third of the nation's adobe dwellings is in New Mexico.This study attempts to document the current adobe industry in New Mexico and to update the Adobe bricks in New Mexico and the first edition of Adobe, pressed-earth, and rammed-earth industries in New Mexico (Smith and Austin, 1989). Since 1980, new findings have emerged concerning the history and characteristics of adobe, the geology and mineralogy of adobe soil, the physical properties of adobe bricks, and the production techniques and market trends of the adobe industry. This report surveys and discusses recent developments in the adobe-brick, pressed-earth-block, and rammed-earth industries.Current (1996) commercial adobe-brick producers as well as manufacturers of pressed-earth-block machines, producers of pressed-earth blocks, and builders of rammed-earth walls are included in the survey. Soil samples were collected from the majority of producers and analyzed for particle sizes and clay-size minerals. Some samples of adobe bricks and pressed-earth blocks from selected producers were tested for durability, strength,

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Section: Stabilizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adobe, pressed-earth, and rammed earth industries in New Mexico

Smith¹,

Austin²

1996

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“…To prevent disintegration, various soil stabilizers are added to the basic soil mix to waterproof or increase the weathering resistance of the adobe brick. The most commonly used stabilizers are sand, straw, portland cement, lime, and bituminous and asphalt emulsions (Clifton, 1977), although as many as 20 different materials have been found in use (Wolfskill and others, 1970). In New Mexico, asphalt emul- sion is widely used by the large-scale commercial adobebrick producers to protect the bricks that are drying in adobe production yards during intense rains.…”

Section: Stabilizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adobe, pressed-earth, and rammed earth industries in New Mexico

Smith¹,

Austin²

1989

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NM continues to be the largest producer and user of adobe bricks and pressed-earth blocks in the nation. During field investigation and sampling in NM in 1987-1988, 33 commercial adobe-brick producers, 28 companies with pressed-earth-block machines, and 2 rammed-earth contractors were located. A significant number and variety of pressed-earth-block machines were in use; the gasoline- and diesel-powered machines were being made by five active NM manufacturers. In 1987, 3,124,000 adobe bricks and 642,000 pressed-earth blocks were produced. A breakdown on the types of adobe bricks produced in 1987 shows that 20 adobe-brick producers made 849,000 traditional adobe bricks, which sold for 21-40 cents per brick; 2,110,000 semistabilized adobe bricks, which sold for 30-35 cents per brick; and 165,000 stabilized adobe bricks, which sold for 59 cents per brick. The 642,000 pressed-earth blocks, largely made without stabilizers, sold for 25-35 cents per block.During sampling, various tests were made on all types of adobe bricks and pressed-earth blocks. Mineralogy and particle-size analyses of the clays and soils, performed at the NM Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, show that soil materials used in the adobe-brick and pressed-earth-block industries contain more sand +/- size particles than previously reported. Physical-property tests on selected adobe bricks and pressed-earth blocks, preformed at the United Nuclear Rock Mechanics Laboratory, NM Institute of Mining and Technology, show that the adobe bricks and particularly the pressed-earth blocks have high physical strength and in all cases meet or surpass the specifications and requirements of the NM Building Code.The characteristics of the soils, the techniques of production, and the examples of earth-constructed buildings that are detailed in this report show that adobe bricks, pressed-earth blocks, and rammed-earth walls make energyefficient, durable, attractive dwellings. If problems in radon-prone and seismically active areas are properly recognized and controlled, then earth-constructed buildings are no more dangerous than homes constructed with other materials.

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“…To prevent disintegration, various soil stabilizers are added to the basic soil mix to waterproof or increase the weathering resistance of the adobe brick. The most commonly used stabilizers are sand, straw, Portland cement, lime, and bituminous and asphalt emulsions (Clifton, 1977), although as many as 20 different materials have been found in use (Wolfskill, 1970). Asphalt emulsion is used exclusively in commercial operations in New Mexico because of its superior mixing and waterproofing properties.…”

Section: Terminology and General Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Industrial rocks and minerals of the Southwest

1982

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Industrial mineral exploration and development" Fourth, 1968, Austin, Texas "Geology of chemical raw materials" and "Depositional models in economic stratigraphy" Fifth, 1969, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania "Geology of sand and gravel deposits" and "Can industrial mineral production survive urbanization and conservation?" Sixth, 1970, Ann Arbor, Michigan "Chemical and industrial rocks and minerals" and "Building and construction stones and minerals" Seventh,

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Preservation of historic adobe structures :

Cited by 18 publications

References 15 publications

Adobe, pressed-earth, and rammed earth industries in New Mexico

Adobe, pressed-earth, and rammed earth industries in New Mexico

Adobe, pressed-earth, and rammed earth industries in New Mexico

Industrial rocks and minerals of the Southwest

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