The interaction of lipolytic enzymes with anionic surfactants is of great interest with respect to industrially produced detergents. Here, we report the interaction of cutinase from the thermophilic fungus Humicola insolens with the anionic surfactant SDS, and show the enzyme specifically binds a single SDS molecule under nondenaturing concentrations. Protein interaction with SDS was investigated by NMR, ITC and molecular dynamics simulations. The NMR resonances of the protein were assigned, with large stretches of the protein molecule not showing any detectable resonances. SDS is shown to specifically interact with the loops surrounding the catalytic triad with medium affinity (K a % 10 5 M 21 ). The mode of binding is closely similar to that seen previously for binding of amphiphilic molecules and substrate analogues to cutinases, and hence SDS acts as a substrate mimic. In addition, the structure of the enzyme has been solved by X-ray crystallography in its apo form and after cocrystallization with diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (DNPP) leading to a complex with monoethylphosphate (MEP) esterified to the catalytically active serine. TheAbbreviations: AA, all-atom; AoC, Aspergillus oryzae cutinase; AOT, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate; cmc, critical micelle concentration; DEP, diethylphosphate; DNPP, diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate; EDTA, ethylene diamine tetraacetate; FsC, Fusarium solani cutinase; GcC, Glomerella cingulata cutinase; HiC, Humicola insolens cutinase; HSQC, heteronuclear singlequantum coherence; IPTG, isopropyl b-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside; ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry; MD, molecular dynamics; MEP, monoethylphosphate; MWCO, molecular weight cut-off; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; RMSD, root mean square deviation; RMSF, root mean square fluctuation; TES, N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid; SANS, small-angle neutron scattering; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate.Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.An interactive view is available in the electronic version of the article. enzyme has the same fold as reported for other cutinases but, unexpectedly, esterification of the active site serine is accompanied by the ethylation of the active site histidine which flips out from its usual position in the triad.