Presentation time and free recall.

Waugh, Nancy C.

doi:10.1037/h0024125

Cited by 67 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Waugh (1963Waugh ( , 1967 found no effect of amount of spacing between repetitions. Underwood (1969) obtained a similar result, with the exception of massed presentations.…”

Section: Experiments II Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Facilitation by repetition in recognition memory for tonal pitch

Deutsch

1975

Memory & Cognition

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Subjects made delayed pitch comparisons when the standard and comparison tones were separated by a sequence of interpolated tones. In some conditions, a tone of the same pitch as the standard tone was included among the interpolated tones. Recognition performance was superior for sequences where the standard tone pitch was repeated, even compared with control sequences of reduced size. The improvement in performance produced by the repeated tone depended on its position in the intervening sequence. Improvement was substantial and highly significant when the standard tone pitch was repeated in the second serial position of a sequence of six interpolated tones, but small and insignificant when it was repeated in the fifth serial position.

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“…Waugh (1963Waugh ( , 1967 found no effect of amount of spacing between repetitions. Underwood (1969) obtained a similar result, with the exception of massed presentations.…”

Section: Experiments II Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Facilitation by repetition in recognition memory for tonal pitch

Deutsch

1975

Memory & Cognition

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“…One very simple-perhaps even descriptive-explanation of output interference is that it is the result of items strong in memory [since recall of an item appears to increase its like1ihood of being recalled later (Darley & Murdock, 1971)] blocking or inhibiting recall of weaker items. Since one way to increase the strength of an item in a list is to present the item more than once (Waugh, 1967), one would expect that items presented only once in a list would be more poorly recalled if the list contained other words presented twice than if the list contained only words presented once. An experiment by Tulving and Hastie (1972) has shown that this is in fact the case: recall of once-presented (1X) items is poorer in lists containing twice-presented (2X) items, and furthermore this inferiority in recall of IX items increased with the density of 2X items in the list.…”

Section: Related Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibiting effects of recall

1974

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Evidence is reviewed indicating that output interference-the deleterious effects of recall of some information on information recalled later -occurs both in primary and secondary mernory. It appears that output interference provides at least a partial account for the disparity between information available in memory and its accessibility at recall. It is argued that consideration of output interference may provide a helpful perspective in resolving problems in the study of episodic and semantic memory, including the negative effects of part-list cueing and the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

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“…When the presented list becomes longer, the average number of recalled words grows but in a sublinear way ( [4][5][6]). The exact mathematical form of this relation is controversial and was found to depend on the details of experimental procedures, such as presentation rate ( [7]). In some studies, recall performance was found to exhibit a power-law relation to the number of presented words ( [6]), but parameters of this relation were extremely variable across different experimental conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Fundamental Law of Memory Recall

et al. 2020

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Human memory appears to be fragile and unpredictable. Free recall of random lists of words is a standard paradigm used to probe episodic memory. We proposed an associative search process that can be reduced to a deterministic walk on random graphs defined by the structure of memory representations. The corresponding graph model can be solved analytically, resulting in a novel parameter-free prediction for the average number of memory items recalled (R) out of M items in memory: R ¼ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi 3πM=2 p. This prediction was verified with a specially designed experimental protocol combining large-scale crowd-sourced free recall and recognition experiments with randomly assembled lists of words or common facts. Our results show that human memory can be described by universal laws derived from first principles.

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Presentation time and free recall.

Cited by 67 publications

References 15 publications

Facilitation by repetition in recognition memory for tonal pitch

Facilitation by repetition in recognition memory for tonal pitch

Inhibiting effects of recall

Fundamental Law of Memory Recall

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