Presentation of the vascular supply of the proximal ulna using a sequential plastination technique

Abstract

The peri- and intraosseous vascularization of the proximal ulna was shown. A transitional zone of the intraosseous vascularization of the proximal ulna was detected.

E12 sheet plastination: Techniques and applications

“…Most authors carried out dehydration at −25°C (Eckel et al, ; Fritsch, ; Sha et al, ; Johnson and Zhang, ; Sora et al, , , , , , , ; Qiu et al, , ; Lunacek et al, ; Nash et al, , ; Porzionato et al, ; Sora and Genser‐Strobl, ; Fritsch et al, ; Sora and Cook, ; Macchi et al, ; Elnady and Sora, ; Soal et al, ; Koslowsky et al, , ; Kürtül et al, ; Wegman et al, ; Arredondo et al, ; Konschake and Fritsch, ; Scali et al, , ; Ottone et al, ), except for Zhang and Lee (), Leaper et al (), Chen et al (), Liu et al (), Liang et al (, ), and Thorpe Lowis et al (), who used a temperature of −30°C. In all cases, the volumes of acetone necessary for dehydration started at over 90% and reached 100% in the final acetone bath.…”

“…Some authors use 100% acetone for this stage, exploiting its degreasing power (Steinke, ; Zhang and Lee, ; Leaper et al, ; Nash et al, , ; Macchi et al, ; Soal et al, ; Kürtül et al, ; Chen et al, ; Liu et al, ; Wegman et al, ; Liang et al, , ; Thorpe Lowis et al, ; Ottone et al, ). Other authors use MeCl as the degreasing agent, known for its powerful action but more toxic than acetone (Eckel et al, ; Fritsch, ; Sittel et al, ; Sora et al, , , , , , 2004; Lunacek et al, ; Sora and Genser‐Strobl, ; Fritsch et al, ; Al‐Ali et al, ; Elnady and Sora, ; Koslowsky et al, , ; Konschake and Fritsch, ). In one work, a combination of acetone and MeCl is used, always starting with acetone as a continuation of the dehydration process (Cook, ).…”

“…Another alternative is to plastinate the whole sample with epoxy resin, making a resin block that is then cut (Eckel et al, ; Sha et al, ; Qiu et al, , ; Koslowsky et al, , ; Kürtül et al, ; Sora et al, ). Sora et al () described this modification of the technique, in conjunction with forced impregnation in a 30°C oven under vacuum.…”

“…In general, the techniques for plastinating ultra‐thin sections require initial impregnation of the whole sample, to produce a block of resin that can then be sliced. However, some authors slice the tissue first, as with traditional sections (3–5 mm) (Sittel et al, ; Soal et al, ; Koslowsky et al, , ).…”

“…The articles selected were those that described the technique for sheet plastination with epoxy resin (E12), and its application and scope in the different areas of morphological sciences. Human and animal research articles were included, and some authors reported embalming with 2-15% formalin (Eckel et al, 1993;Sittel et al, 1997;Skalkos et al, 1999;Qiu et al, 2003Qiu et al, , 2004Sebe et al, 2005aSebe et al, , 2005bLunacek et al, 2005;Fritsch et al, 2006;Elnady and Sora, 2009;Koslowsky et al, 2011Koslowsky et al, , 2015Wegman et al, 2012;Adds and Al-Rekabi, 2014;Konschake and Fritsch, 2014;Ottone et al, 2016). No restrictions were placed on language or date of publication.…”