“…Rogers (1986) noted that one component of the industrial age that continued to flourish during the information age was automation. Automation is a challenging term to define, but most agree that it is the use of machines “to execute or help execute physical operations, computational commands or tasks” (Nof, 2009, p. 43), such as automated nurse rostering (Mihaylov, Smet, Van Den Noortgate, & Vanden Berghe, 2016), automated writing evaluation (e.g., Roscoe, Wilson, Johnson, & Mayra, 2017), virtual research assistants (e.g., Hasler, Tuchman, & Friedman, 2013), automated bots (e.g., Clément & Guitton, 2015; Edwards, Beattie, Edwards, & Spence, 2016), and automated health systems (e.g., Farzanfar, Frishkopf, Friedman, & Ludena, 2007). Rogers observed that during the information age automation was materializing in new arenas, including communication.…”