Present status and future criticalities evidenced by an integrated assessment of water resources quality at catchment scale: The case of Inle Lake (Southern Shan state, Myanmar)

The Khaung Daing hot spring (Inle lake, Southern Shan State, Myanmar): development opportunities and challenges

“…Major ion composition of the hot spring water is in agreement with previous data [6,8]: the temperature is 69.2°C, pH is slightly acidic (6.6) and the EC is 1162 S/cm. The measured Eh is slightly higher than previously measured (-30 mV), in agreement with a higher concentration of dissolved sulfate (62.1 mg/L) and calcium (46.2 mg/L).…”

“…The isotopic composition (δ 18 O = -7.19‰; δ 2 H = -51.34‰) falls close to the Yangon Meteoric Water Line and agrees with the mean composition of groundwater samples unaffected by evaporation in the area (δ 18 O = -6.98±0.71‰; δ 2 H = -49.36±4.12‰) [8].…”

“…Three main outflows are present [6]: (i) two small springs that are merged together to feed two pools used by local residents as public baths; (ii) a larger outflow representing a holy site, where outflowing water is collected to feed a tourist spa; and (iii) a small pool located more uphill, not presently used. Previous investigation in the area mostly focused on lake water quality and hydrodynamics [7] and on surface-groundwater interactions [8]. A first hydrochemical and isotopic reconnaissance study of the hot spring [6] indicated an outflow temperature of about 70°C, a slightly acidic pH, an electrical conductivity of about 1150 μS/cm, a low Eh (about -105 mV) and a Na-HCO3 hydrochemical facies.…”

Accelerated degradation of Lake Inle (Myanmar): A baseline study for environmentalists and developers

“…Although the statistics may involve bias because Lake Inle only has one gauging station, no alternative data are available. A decline in rainfall can be ruled out as the main cause for the last 15 years (Figure ), but alternative factors could include the following: Changes in the Artesian upwelling of karstic groundwater circulation in the fractured bedrock (Re, Thin, Setti, Comizzoli, & Sacchi, ). Some tributary rivers, or the Lake itself, could also have lost discharge to subterranean flow.…”

“…1. Changes in the Artesian upwelling of karstic groundwater circulation in the fractured bedrock (Re, Thin, Setti, Comizzoli, & Sacchi, 2018). Some tributary rivers, or the Lake itself, could also have lost discharge to subterranean flow.…”