Present and future applications of supercapacitors in electric and hybrid vehicles

Burke, Andrew; Liu, Zhengmao; Zhao, Hengbing

doi:10.1109/ievc.2014.7056094

Cited by 44 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…, frontal area, wheel radius, rolling resistance, drag coefficient, mass, and maximum braking power). The sizing for the supercapacitor is a compromise between a full‐size vehicle and a delivery truck EV configuration .…”

Section: Component and System Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The supercapacitor used herein consists of 139 Maxwell BCAP1200 supercapacitors in series having 168 Wh at full charge. The state of charge is allowed to vary between 0.25 and 1 (a change in voltage of 50%) to be consistent with normal practice . Further, maximum discharge and charge P c are 208 kW and −208 kW, respectively.…”

Section: Component and System Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of supercapacitor units was chosen to be consistent with the 375 V bus voltage, resulting in a 168 Wh energy storage. This is a compromise between a full‐size vehicle and a delivery truck EV configuration .…”

Section: Component and System Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Hybrid Model Predictive Power Management of a Battery‐Supercapacitor Electric Vehicle

Meyer¹,

DeCarlo

Pekarek

2015

Asian Journal of Control

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Recently, battery powered electric vehicles (EV), such as the Tesla Model S, have reached commercialization. Future EVs will likely pair the battery with a supercapacitor to extend battery life by minimizing the effects of high power and rapidly fluctuating loads. As such, this paper investigates optimal power management of an EV powertrain with both a battery pack and a supercapacitor as energy sources. The battery‐supercapacitor‐based powertrain has four distinct controllable modes, each with a unique set of dynamics and constraints. Unique power flow expressions for the supercapacitor, vehicle motion, and drive system induction motor are presented. The overall powertrain is represented as a switched interconnected dynamical system having both differential and algebraic constraints in each mode of operation. Constrained by this model, this paper sets forth a hybrid model predictive control strategy for minimizing velocity tracking error and frictional braking (to encourage regenerative braking) while encouraging fast recharge of the supercapacitor. The optimization is performed using a relaxed representation of the control problem (termed the embedding method), collocation for discretization, and traditional nonlinear programming to compute the mode and continuous control inputs. The methodology avoids the computational complexity associated with alternative approaches such as mixed‐integer programming. The developed optimization methodology is shown to be useful as a rapid iterative prototyping tool by varying vehicle mass and electric drive maximum power to find combinations that result in satisfactory tracking performance of a trapezoidal drive profile. Performance of the originally specified powertrain and a first design iteration are compared using simulations of the EPA highway and urban drive profiles and the new European drive cycle to verify the first design iteration gives improvement.

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Section: Component and System Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Component and System Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid Model Predictive Power Management of a Battery‐Supercapacitor Electric Vehicle

Meyer¹,

DeCarlo

Pekarek

2015

Asian Journal of Control

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“…Electrochemical capacitors (EC) are energy storage devices having a specific set of characteristics, such as: higher capacitance and energy density compared with electrolytic and conventional capacitors, higher rate capability and power density compared with batteries, and unmatched long cycle life [1]. The capability to provide high power support and the excellent life expectancy are the main drivers of the commercial expansion of ECs, which are in fact increasingly used in a diverse number of applications, including power electronics [2], renewable energy systems, hybrid energy storage [3], and hybrid and electric vehicles [4]. A critical limitation for ECs, and therefore a major obstacle against further expanding the range of their applications, is the low energy density, E, particularly when compared to batteries [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the operating potential window of electrochemical capacitors

Bahdanchyk

Hashempour

Vicenzo

2020

Electrochimica Acta

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Widening of the operating potential window is a straightforward route towards increasing the specific energy of electrochemical capacitors. Usually, the assessment of the viable potential range is committed to thermodynamic considerations over the electrolyte potential window and experimental probing of the electrochemical stability of both electrolyte and electrode materials through cyclic voltammetry. However, while the former approach is too conservative, the latter is prone to failure. In the present work, we consider quantitative approaches for monitoring the influence of the potential window on the dissipative behaviour of aqueous electrochemical capacitors. For proving the concept underlying this work, we analyse as a case study an asymmetric cell with a reduced graphene oxide / MnO2 positive electrode and a carbon nanotube based negative electrode, as well as nominally symmetric cells assembled with either electrode. We apply and compare different procedures to define the safe potential window of these systems: the usual potential window opening technique, applied either to single electrodes or packed cells; and not conventional methods, based on the analysis of either the energy efficiency or the cell impedance as a function of the cell-2-potential. Precisely, we analyse the trend of the energy efficiency, derived from galvanostatic charge / discharge experiments, and that of the real component of the cell impedance vs. the potential window, to discriminate the onset of irreversible processes leading to dissipative losses. The viability of the proposed methods and the reliability of the attendant criteria are finally checked in the light of the results of cycling performance of the asymmetric cell.

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“…Supercapacitors are relatively new electrical energy storage devices of great importance for industrial automation applications particularly when renewable energy sources are used . These devices have also found use in many other nonconventional and new applications requiring high rates of energy delivery as an alternative to the sluggish, slow‐responsive batteries …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercial supercapacitor parameter estimation from step voltage excitation

Fouda

Elwakil

Allagui

2019

Circuit Theory & Apps

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Summary Supercapacitors are crucial elements in advanced industrial electronic systems particularly when supplied from renewable energy sources. Here, we derive expressions for the current, power, and stored energy in a supercapacitor excited with a step voltage signal. Although, it is not common practice to charge supercapacitors using a step voltage, these devices are sometimes used in switching‐type applications where they are subject to this type of signal. We validate the derived mathematical expression of the current via experiments on four different commercial devices. By fitting the measured current data to the derived expression, the parameters of these devices, which are modeled as a series connection of an internal resistance and a constant phase element (CPE), are also estimated. Power and energy are then evaluated followed by the estimation of the effective capacitance for each device. Our analysis makes use of fractional order calculus as opposed to classical integer‐order models.

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Present and future applications of supercapacitors in electric and hybrid vehicles

Cited by 44 publications

References 7 publications

Hybrid Model Predictive Power Management of a Battery‐Supercapacitor Electric Vehicle

Hybrid Model Predictive Power Management of a Battery‐Supercapacitor Electric Vehicle

Evaluation of the operating potential window of electrochemical capacitors

Commercial supercapacitor parameter estimation from step voltage excitation

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