Presence of Mutagens and Carcinogens, Called Aflatoxins, and their Hydroxylated Metabolites in Industrialized Food for Dogs

Toxic Effect of Aflatoxins in Dogs Fed Contaminated Commercial Dry Feed: A Review

“…Cereals used in the formulation of CDF may contain high levels of AF contamination (0.48-1.081 µg/kg), making them the most likely sources of aflatoxin contamination [58,59]. AFB 1 is the most abundant form in open sampling CDF trials, with values that vary widely (<0.5 and 4.946 µg/kg) [8,60]. CDF is classified into economic, premium, or super premium types of dog feeds according to the nutritional quality of the ingredients, but this classification does not guarantee that it is an AF-free product because they are found in all types of CDF [20,61,62].…”

“…Products may be contaminated with Aspergillus spp. fungus, aflatoxins (AF), or some of their secondary metabolites as well as other mycotoxins; contamination occurs at various stages of ingredient production, such as flowering, harvest, processing, or storage of cereals as well as metabolic residues in meat, dairy, and egg products [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Aspergillus species are mainly found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world.…”

Contaminación de alimento comercial seco para perro por Aspergillus flavus y aflatoxinas en Aguascalientes, México

“…En la fabricación del ACS se incorporan productos y subproductos agroindustriales de diversa composición bromatológica para cumplir su diseño nutricional (5) . La calidad nutrimental y sanitaria de estos ingredientes se traslada a la formulación final, por lo que se ha señalado que el ACS presenta riesgos de contaminación por diversos agentes patógenos como los hongos micotoxigénicos (6)(7)(8) . La contaminación fúngica ocurre en varias etapas de la producción de los ingredientes vegetales, como la floración, cosecha, procesamiento o almacenamiento de cereales; además de la permanencia de los residuos metabólicos de las micotoxinas en la carne, los productos lácteos y huevos (9)(10)(11) .…”