Presence of fourFusarium mycotoxins and synthetic material in ‘yellow rain’: Evidence for the use of chemical weapons in laos

Rosén, Robert; Rosen, Joseph D.

doi:10.1002/bms.1200091007

Cited by 98 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…T-2 toxin, as one of the most effective cytotoxic secondary sesqiterpenoid metabolites, produce a toxic reaction called mycotoxicosis after inhalation or consumption of contaminated food by humans and animals (Ciegler, 1980;Ueno, 1980;Pang et al, 1988;Josephs, 2004;Foroud and Eudes, 2009). However, some evidence has associated this toxin with alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA) (Joffe, 1974) and with chemical weapons (CW) incidents in Southeast Asia (Rosen and Rosen, 1982;Mirocha et al, 1983;Anonymous, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Gastroprotective effects of novel antidotal combination in rats acutely poisoned by T-2 toxin

Jacević¹,

Rеsаnоvić²,

Bočarov-Stančić³

et al. 2010

Acta vet. (Beogr.)

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The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the antidotal potencies of methylprednisolone (soluble form, Lemod-solu®), nimesulide, N-acetylcysteine (Fluimucil®) and their combinations in rats treated with 1.0 LD50 (0.23 mg/kg) of trichothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin. Their antidotal efficacy was investigated by monitoring their effects on general condition, 24-hour-survival, body weight gain, food and water consumption and pathohistological changes in the gut of Wistar rats acutely treated with a single injection of T-2 toxin during a 4-week period. The highest protective index was obtained with methylprednisolone (2.43). Initial loss of body weight (after first 7 days) was found only in T-2 toxin group. During the whole experiment, in poisoned rats protected by methylprednisolone or methylprednisolone and nimesulide, a significant increase (p<0.001) in body weight gain, food and water consumption in comparison with T-2 toxin group was found. At the end of the experiment, N-acetylcysteine, nimesulide and their combination assured higher (p<0.05) weight gain, food and water consumption in comparison with T-2 toxin group. Signs of hemorrhagic diathesis and necrosis of the gut crypt epithelium and lymphoid tissues were found in the T-2 toxin group. Some of these histological alterations were presented in the gut of poisoned rats treated by nimesulide, Nacetylcysteine and their combination. The gut of T-2 toxin rats treated with a combination of methylprednisolone and nimesulide and especially methylprednisolone alone had a histological structure similar to the control group. These results clearly show that methylprednisolone, a well-known anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drug, exerts the best antidotal effect against T-2 toxin intoxication in rats

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mentioning

confidence: 98%

Gastroprotective effects of novel antidotal combination in rats acutely poisoned by T-2 toxin

Jacević¹,

Rеsаnоvić²,

Bočarov-Stančić³

et al. 2010

Acta vet. (Beogr.)

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“…Unmentioned in Eliot Marshall's article of 24 June (News and Comment, p. 1356) or in Meselson's AAAS talk (1) is the fact that this sample contained, in addition to pollen and three trichothecene mycotoxins, polyethylene glycol (PEG), a man-made material. This finding has been presented on television (2) and published (3). The PEG evidence was obtained by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC/MS) and is unequivocal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 64%

Yellow Rain

Rosen

1983

Science

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“…Aircraft variant of trichotecene application was described as "yellow rain" and others were seen as moist, dispersed powder. About 50-81% of applications were made in the form of yellow pigment and in others cases red, green and white and green powders were used [6][7][8].…”

Section: General Characteristics Of Toxins and Pathogens As Componentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex of the new generation of the instrumental analytical approaches to prevent dangerous bioterrorism

2014

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The real manifestations of biowarfare were only during local military conflicts. In previous times the danger with this factor forms through activation of terrorist organizations. To prevent non-desirable consequences and to preserve the lives and health of people it is necessary to provide constant control by the application of complex of the new generation of the instrumental devices based on the principles of biosensorics which allow rapid revealing step by step: total toxicity of environmental objects, presence of appropriate groups and specific chemical substances among them. It is demonstrated simple and rapid estimation of the total toxicity through the control of the intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence (IChF) by the direct or remote ways by the device "Floratest" (Ukraine). There is possible on the basis of IChF curve of growing plants from some territory during appropriate period to reveal appearance of toxic substances in this area. Their presence in more local cases may be done by using bioluminescent bacteria (pure Ukrainian strains) or/and controlling short term Daphnia living medium by developed portable chemiluminometer. For the revealing of some groups of toxic elements it is recommended the cerium oxide ISFETs based enzymatic biosensors. The last and devices based on SPR ("Plasmotest", Ukraine), porous silicon (with the registration of biospecific interaction macromolecules by luminescence or electro conductivity) and some nano-metal oxides were realized in immune biosensors at the determination of content of number of mycotoxins, some microorganisms (Salmonella spp.) and diagnostics of viral disease (retroviral leucosis). We present the main characteristics of the above mentioned devices and give confirmation that all the analysis meets practice demands. Overall time of analysis is in range 10 min and it is very simple and may be realized in field conditions.

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Presence of fourFusarium mycotoxins and synthetic material in ‘yellow rain’: Evidence for the use of chemical weapons in laos

Cited by 98 publications

References 2 publications

Gastroprotective effects of novel antidotal combination in rats acutely poisoned by T-2 toxin

Gastroprotective effects of novel antidotal combination in rats acutely poisoned by T-2 toxin

Yellow Rain

Complex of the new generation of the instrumental analytical approaches to prevent dangerous bioterrorism

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