Presence of CTX gene cluster in environmental non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae and its potential clinical significance

Bakhshi, Bita; Mohammadi-Barzelighi, Hajar; Sharifnia, A.; Dashtbani-Roozbehani, Abolfazl; Rahbar, Mohammad; Pourshafie, Mohammad Reza

doi:10.4103/0255-0857.99487

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Other investigators have reported that environmental non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae isolates generally do not produce cholera toxin (40,41), even though V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains isolated from the aquatic environment have been found to produce toxin (12). The transfer of cholera toxin genes to non-O1/non-O139 strains in the aquatic environment can be mediated by generalized transduction via CTX⌽ (42), and environmental vibriophages have been demonstrated to transfer toxin genes from CTX⌽-positive strains to environmental non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae isolates (43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Non-O1/Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Carrying Multiple Virulence Factors and V. cholerae O1 in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland

Ceccarelli

Chen

Hasan

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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f Non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae inhabits estuarine and coastal waters globally, but its clinical significance has not been sufficiently investigated, despite the fact that it has been associated with septicemia and gastroenteritis. The emergence of virulent non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae is consistent with the recognition of new pathogenic variants worldwide. Oyster, sediment, and water samples were collected during a vibrio surveillance program carried out from 2009 to 2012 in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. V. cholerae O1 was detected by a direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA) assay but was not successfully cultured, whereas 395 isolates of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae were confirmed by multiplex PCR and serology. Only a few of the non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae isolates were resistant to ampicillin and/or penicillin. Most of the isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics tested, and 77 to 90% carried the El Tor variant hemolysin gene hlyA ET , the actin cross-linking repeats in toxin gene rtxA, the hemagglutinin protease gene hap, and the type 6 secretion system. About 19 to 21% of the isolates carried the neuraminidase-encoding gene nanH and/or the heat-stable toxin (NAG-ST), and only 5% contained a type 3 secretion system. None of the non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae isolates contained Vibrio pathogenicity island-associated genes. However, ctxA, ace, or zot was present in nine isolates. Fifty-five different genotypes showed up to 12 virulence factors, independent of the source of isolation, and represent the first report of both antibiotic susceptibility and virulence associated with non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae from the Chesapeake Bay. Since these results confirm the presence of potentially pathogenic non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae, monitoring for total V. cholerae, regardless of serotype, should be done within the context of public health. Vibrio cholerae, a waterborne bacterial pathogen, is an autochthonous inhabitant of riverine and estuarine aquatic environments. There are Ͼ200 serogroups, based on O antigenic characters, but only serogroups O1 and O139 have been associated with epidemic cholera, and both are considered a major public health threat for developing countries (1).Developed countries today rarely witness cholera cases caused by epidemic strains of V. cholerae, and outbreaks are typically travel associated (2). However, infections other than cholera can be caused by nonepidemic V. cholerae serogroups that are collectively referred to as non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae and are generally acquired through the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. Non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae infections are continuously reported worldwide (3, 4), emphasizing their clinical significance. Although non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae strains generally do not produce cholera toxin, other virulence factors contribute to their pathogenicity, including the hemolysin gene hlyA (5), the protease gene hapA (6), the cytotoxic actin cross-linking repeats in toxin gene rtxA (7), the sialidase gene nanH (8), the heat-stable toxin (NAG-ST) (9), a type 6...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Non-O1/Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Carrying Multiple Virulence Factors and V. cholerae O1 in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland

Ceccarelli

Chen

Hasan

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…cholerae O1) including TCP and CT (Sack et al ., 2004). It has repeatedly been observed that NOVC strains may carry major virulence genes, such as those that encode for CT and TCP (Rivera et al ., 2001; Bakhshi et al ., 2012; Madhusudana and Surendran, 2013); such strains are diarrhoeagenic in humans and, theoretically, have epidemic potential (Crump et al ., 2003).…”

Section: Potential Role Of Novc In the Emergence Of New Pathogenic St...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global emergence of environmental non‐O1/O139Vibrio cholerae infections linked with climate change: a neglected research field?

Vezzulli

Baker‐Austin

Kirschner

et al. 2020

Environmental Microbiology

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The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is a natural inhabitant of aquatic ecosystems across the planet. V. cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 are responsible for cholera outbreaks in developing countries accounting for 3-5 million infections worldwide and 28.800-130.000 deaths per year according to the World Health Organization. In contrast, V. cholerae serogroups other than O1 and O139, also designated as V. cholerae non-O1/O139 (NOVC), are not associated with epidemic cholera but can cause other illnesses that may range in severity from mild (e.g. gastroenteritis, otitis, etc.) to life-threatening (e.g. necrotizing fasciitis). Although generally neglected, NOVC-related infections are on the rise and represent one of the most striking examples of emerging human diseases linked to climate change. NOVC strains are also believed to potentially contribute to the emergence of new pathogenic strains including strains with epidemic potential as a direct consequence of genetic exchange mechanisms such as horizontal gene transfer and genetic recombination. Besides general features concerning the biology and ecology of NOVC strains and their associated diseases, this review aims to highlight the most relevant aspects related to the emergence and potential threat posed by NOVC strains under a rapidly changing environmental and climatic scenario.

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“…V. cholerae can affect human heath, because these V. cholerae harbored virulence genes (Bakhshi et al, 2012). Infection of these V. cholerae isolates can cause watery diarrhea in humans as previously reported (Baker-Austin and Oliver, 2018).…”

Section: Phenotype and Genotype Of Amr Virulence Genes And Esbl Produ...supporting

confidence: 57%

Prevalence and molecular characteristics of antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella spp., Vibrio cholerae, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli in hybrid red tilapia and cultured water

Thaotumpitak

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Foodborne pathogens and antimicrobial resistant bacteria in tilapia and cultivation water has been emerged as a public health threat. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of indicator and pathogenic bacteria in hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) and their cultivation water, and to characterize phenotypic and genotypic AMR, virulence genes, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production of Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio cholerae. A total of 120 tilapia, which were comprised of carcass rinse (n=120), muscle (n=120), intestine (n=120), liver and kidney (n=120), and cultivation water (n=120) were collected from tilapia farms in�Kanchanaburi province, Thailand during October 2019 and November 2020. The overall prevalence of fecal coliforms (74.8%) and E. coli (56.7%) were observed. The highest concentration of fecal coliforms (2.4 ? 4.0 ? 104 MPN/g) and E. coli (1.2 ? 2.9 ? 104 MPN/g) were mainly found in fish intestine. The prevalence of A. hydrophila, Salmonella, and V. cholerae were 2.5%, 32.0%, and 17.5%, respectively. A. hydrophila was only detected in carcass rinse and cultivation water, while Salmonella and V. cholerae were most detected in cultivation water. The detection of Salmonella was associated with fecal coliforms, E. coli, V. cholerae, relative humidity, and wind gust. The most common Salmonella serovars were Saintpaul (18.9%), Neukoelln (15.2%), and Escanaba (15.2%). Ducks reared nearby in the tilapia farm were postulated that they may be the source of Salmonella contamination in tilapia farms based on rep-PCR characterization. All E. coli isolates were absent of stx1 and stx2. All�A. hydrophila isolates were positive for aero and hly. All Salmonella isolates were invA positive. All of V. cholerae isolates classified as non-O1/non-O139. The A. hydrophila (100%), Salmonella (100%), and E. coli (79.6%) isolates were resistance to at least one antimicrobial. The Salmonella (72.3%), E. coli (53.8%), and A. hydrophila (26.7%) were multidrug resistance. All V. cholerae isolates were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials.�The predominant resistance in E. coli were ampicillin (63.1%), oxytetracycline (58.6%), and tetracycline (58.0%). The blaTEM (58.0%), qnrS (43.8%), and tetA (29.1%) were the common resistance genes of E. coli. The blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-55 were reported in this study. The A. hydrophila isolates was resistant to ampicillin (100%), oxytetracycline (26.7%), tetracycline (26.7%), and trimethoprim (26.7%). The A. hydrophila isolates were commonly found mcr-3 (20.0%), followed by floR, qnrS, sul1, sul2, and dfrA1 with the same resistance rates at 13.3%. The Salmonella isolates highly resisted to ampicillin (79.3%), oxolinic acid (75.5%), and oxytetracycline (71.8%). The qnrS (65.4%), tetA (64.9%), and blaTEM (63.8%) were predominant genes found in the Salmonella isolates. The V. cholerae isolates were mainly carried sul1 (12.0%), followed by catB, qnrS, tetA, tetB, strA, and dfrA1 with the same resistance rate at 4.0%. Class 1 integron was only examined in E. coli (19.5%) and A. hydrophila (6.7%). For ESBL-producing�E. coli�(3.9%) was detected. This study reported the emerging of colistin resistance gene (mcr-3) in tilapia in Thailand. In summary, tilapia and cultivation water are the potential reservoirs of important foodborne pathogens and AMR bacteria. Proper�handling, personal hygiene,�and fully cooked fish�can promote food safety regarding tilapia consumption. To reduce pathogens and resistant bacterial transmission from tilapia to humans and the environment, implementation of One Health should be carried out with�effective control and prevention of the dissemination of resistant bacteria.

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Presence of CTX gene cluster in environmental non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae and its potential clinical significance

Abstract: The emergence of a single environmental isolate in our study containing the pathogenicity genes amongst the diverse non-pathogenic environmental isolates needs to be further studied in the context of V. cholerae pathogenicity sero-coversion.

Cited by 11 publications

References 23 publications

Non-O1/Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Carrying Multiple Virulence Factors and V. cholerae O1 in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland

Non-O1/Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Carrying Multiple Virulence Factors and V. cholerae O1 in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland

Global emergence of environmental non‐O1/O139Vibrio cholerae infections linked with climate change: a neglected research field?

Prevalence and molecular characteristics of antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella spp., Vibrio cholerae, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli in hybrid red tilapia and cultured water

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