Presence of cleaner wrasse increases the recruitment of damselfishes to coral reefs

Sun, Derek; Cheney, Karen L.; Werminghausen, Johanna; Meekan, Mark G.; McCormick, Mark I.; Cribb, Thomas H.; Grutter, Alexandra S.

doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0456

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…() were considered the result of lower growth rates and/or the reduced survivorship of these species in the absence of cleaner wrasse. The length of the study also demonstrated the influence of cleaner wrasse on the recruitment of the juveniles of transient fishes onto the reef (Waldie et al ., ) as did an even longer 12‐year study involving juveniles of territorial fish (Sun et al ., ). The consideration of transient and territorial fishes in these studies plays a subtle yet important role.…”

Section: The Ecological Importance Of Cleaning Symbioses On Coral Reefsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cleaner fishes and shrimp diversity and a re‐evaluation of cleaning symbioses

et al. 2016

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Cleaning symbiosis has been documented extensively in the marine environment over the past 50 years. We estimate global cleaner diversity comprises 208 fish species from 106 genera representing 36 families and 51 shrimp species from 11 genera representing six families. Cleaning symbiosis as originally defined is amended to highlight communication between client and cleaner as the catalyst for cooperation and to separate cleaning symbiosis from incidental cleaning, which is a separate mutualism preceded by no communication. Moreover, we propose the term ‘dedicated’ to replace ‘obligate’ to describe a committed cleaning lifestyle. Marine cleaner fishes have dominated the cleaning symbiosis literature, with comparatively little focus given to shrimp. The engagement of shrimp in cleaning activities has been considered contentious because there is little empirical evidence. Plasticity exists in the use of ‘cleaner shrimp’ in the current literature, with the potential to cause significant confusion. Indeed, this term has been used incorrectly for the shrimp Infraorder Stenopodidea, involving three families, Stenopodidae, Palaemonidae and Hippolytidae, and to represent all members of Lysmata and Stenopus. Caution is expressed in the use of grey literature and anecdotal observations to generate data on cleaning interactions, due to the presence of species complexes. Interest in cleaning organisms as biological controls in aquaculture is increasing due to their value as an alternative to various chemical ectoparasite controls. Reports of the importance of cleaner organisms in maintaining a healthy reef ecosystem has also been increasing and we review the current biological knowledge on cleaner organisms, highlighting areas that are understudied.

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Section: The Ecological Importance Of Cleaning Symbioses On Coral Reefsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cleaner fishes and shrimp diversity and a re‐evaluation of cleaning symbioses

et al. 2016

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“…Understanding parasite ecology may thus serve as a proxy for determining healthy ecosystems ( Hudson et al., 2006 ). For example, recent studies in shallow water ecosystems have demonstrated the important connections between fishes, ectoparasites, and cleaner species ( Johnson et al., 2010 ); disruptions to these connections can cause community changes (e.g., Lafferty et al., 2008 , Sun et al., 2015 ). Focused parasitology studies are sorely needed to further our understanding of the roles of parasites in both community and trophic ecology in the deep sea ( Poulin et al., 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ectoparasitism on deep-sea fishes in the western North Atlantic: In situ observations from ROV surveys

Quattrini

Demopoulos

2016

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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A complete understanding of how parasites influence marine ecosystem functioning requires characterizing a broad range of parasite-host interactions while determining the effects of parasitism in a variety of habitats. In deep-sea fishes, the prevalence of parasitism remains poorly understood. Knowledge of ectoparasitism, in particular, is limited because collection methods often cause dislodgment of ectoparasites from their hosts. High-definition video collected during 43 remotely operated vehicle surveys (2013–2014) provided the opportunity to examine ectoparasitism on fishes across habitats (open slope, canyon, seamount, cold seep) and depths (494–4689 m) off the northeastern U.S., while providing high-resolution images and valuable observations of fish behavior. Only 9% (n = 125 individuals) of all observed fishes (25 species) were confirmed with ectoparasites, but higher percentages (∼33%) were observed for some of the most abundant fish species (e.g., Antimora rostrata). Ectoparasites included two copepod families (Lernaeopodidae, Sphyriidae) that infected four host species, two isopod families (Cymothoidae, Aegidae) that infected three host species, and one isopod family (Gnathiidae) that infected 19 host species. Hyperparasitism was also observed. As host diversity declined with depth, ectoparasite diversity declined; only gnathiids were observed at depths down to 3260 m. Thus, gnathiids appear to be the most successful group to infect a diversity of fishes across a broad depth range in the deep sea. For three dominant fishes (A. rostrata, Nezumia bairdii, Synaphobranchus spp.), the abundance and intensity of ectoparasitism peaked in different depths and habitats depending on the host species examined. Notably, gnathiid infections were most intense on A. rostrata, particularly in submarine canyons, suggesting that these habitats may increase ectoparasite infections. Although ectoparasitism is often overlooked in deep-sea benthic communities, our results demonstrate that it occurs widely across a variety of habitats, depths, and locations and is a significant component of deep-sea biodiversity.

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“…We collected adult P. amboinensis from 10 experimental patch reefs (3-7 m depth, 61 -285 m 2 in surface area, electronic supplementary material, table S1) located in the southern lagoon habitat around Lizard Island (see map in [51]), where this species was abundant. We chose four patches which had adult and juvenile L. dimidiatus systematically removed using hand nets, barrier nets and clove oil every 3 -4 months, and six reefs which had been similarly disturbed by diver presence, but without cleaner manipulation (for details on cleaner removal and patch reefs, see [50,51]).…”

Section: Materials and Methods (A) Long-term Cleaner Removal Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cleaner wrasse indirectly affect the cognitive performance of a damselfish through ectoparasite removal

et al. 2018

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Cleaning organisms play a fundamental ecological role by removing ectoparasites and infected tissue from client surfaces. We used the well-studied cleaning mutualisms involving the cleaner wrasse, to test how client cognition is affected by ectoparasites and whether these effects are mitigated by cleaners. Ambon damselfish ( collected from experimental reef patches without cleaner wrasse performed worse in a visual discrimination test than conspecifics from patches with cleaners. Endoparasite abundance also negatively influenced success in this test. Visual discrimination performance was also impaired in damselfish experimentally infected with gnathiid (Crustacea: Isopoda) ectoparasites. Neither cleaner absence nor gnathiid infection affected performance in spatial recognition or reversal learning tests. Injection with immune-stimulating lipopolysaccharide did not affect visual discrimination performance relative to saline-injected controls, suggesting that cognitive impairments are not due to an innate immune response. Our results highlight the complex, indirect role of cleaning organisms in promoting the health of their clients via ectoparasite removal and emphasize the negative impact of parasites on host's cognitive abilities.

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Presence of cleaner wrasse increases the recruitment of damselfishes to coral reefs

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

Cleaner fishes and shrimp diversity and a re‐evaluation of cleaning symbioses

Cleaner fishes and shrimp diversity and a re‐evaluation of cleaning symbioses

Ectoparasitism on deep-sea fishes in the western North Atlantic: In situ observations from ROV surveys

Cleaner wrasse indirectly affect the cognitive performance of a damselfish through ectoparasite removal

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