Presence of benzophenones commonly used as UV filters and absorbers in paired maternal and fetal samples

Krause, Marianna; Frederiksen, Hanne; Sundberg, Karin; Jørgensen, Finn Stener; Jensen, Line; Nørgaard, P.; Jörgensen, Connie; Ertberg, Pia; Juul, Anders; Drzewiecki, Krzysztof T.; Skakkebæk, Niels E.; Andersson, Anna‐Maria

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.005

Cited by 95 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Several recent studies have shown that human exposure to chemicals used as UV filters/absorbers is prevalent ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ). Exposure to UV filters occurs not only by intentional use of sunscreens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalent human exposure to UV filters is of concern as several of these chemicals have endocrine-disrupting properties demonstrated in in vitro animal and human studies ( 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ). We recently investigated the concentrations of seven different chemical UV filters in maternal blood and urine, and in amniotic fluid, and found that the UV filters benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-HBP) were present in the majority of pregnant women ( 3 ). Although concentrations were significantly lower in amniotic fluid samples, BP-1 and BP-3 as well as 4-HBP could also be found in the cord blood of several of the participants, indicating that these compounds might also cross the placenta and reach the fetus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal exposure to UV filters: associations with maternal thyroid hormones, IGF-I/IGFBP3 and birth outcomes

Krause

Frederiksen

Sundberg

et al. 2018

Endocrine Connections

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BackgroundSeveral chemical UV filters/absorbers ('UV filters' hereafter) have endocrine-disrupting properties in vitro and in vivo. Exposure to these chemicals, especially during prenatal development, is of concern.ObjectivesTo examine maternal exposure to UV filters, associations with maternal thyroid hormone, with growth factor concentrations as well as to birth outcomes.MethodsProspective study of 183 pregnant women with 2nd trimester serum and urine samples available. Maternal concentrations of the chemical UV filters benzophenone-1 (BP-1) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) in urine and 4-hydroxy-benzophenone (4-HBP) in serum were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The relationships between 2nd trimester maternal concentrations of the three chemical UV filters and maternal serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and growth factors, as well as birth outcomes (weight, height, and head and abdominal circumferences) were examined.ResultsPositive associations between maternal serum concentrations of 4-HBP and triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its binding protein IGFBP3 were observed in mothers carrying male fetuses. Male infants of mothers in the middle 4-HBP exposure group had statistically significantly lower weight and shorter head and abdominal circumferences at birth compared to the low exposure group.ConclusionsWidespread exposure of pregnant women to chemical UV filters and the possible impact on maternal thyroid hormones and growth factors, and on fetal growth, calls for further studies on possible long-term consequences of the exposure to UV filters on fetal development and children’s health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal exposure to UV filters: associations with maternal thyroid hormones, IGF-I/IGFBP3 and birth outcomes

Krause

Frederiksen

Sundberg

et al. 2018

Endocrine Connections

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“…32,33 As BP-3 is known to cross blood-placenta barrier and enter amniotic fluid and breast milk, the safety concern regarding the use of sunscreen in pregnant women has increased. 34 Overall, the prenatal concentration of BP-3 did not have biologically significant effects on the development of offspring (Table 3).…”

Section: Effects On Fetal and Neonatal Developmentmentioning

confidence: 89%

The banned sunscreen ingredients and their impact on human health: a systematic review

et al. 2020

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Recent evidence of high systemic absorption of sunscreen ingredients has raised concerns regarding the safety of sunscreen products. Oxybenzone (BP‐3) and octinoxate (OMC), two common sunscreen ingredients, were recently banned in Key West and Hawaii owing to their toxic effects on marine ecosystems. Their impact on human health requires a careful assessment. To summarize the current evidence on the association between the systemic level of BP‐3 or OMC and its health impact, a primary literature search was conducted using PubMed database in February 2019. There are 29 studies that address the impact of these ingredients on human health. Studies show that elevated systemic level of BP‐3 has no adverse effect on male and female fertility, female reproductive hormone level, adiposity, fetal growth, child's neurodevelopment, and sexual maturation. However, the association of BP‐3 level on thyroid hormone, testosterone level, kidney function, and pubertal timing has been reported and prompts further investigations to validate a true association. The systemic absorption of OMC has no reported effect on thyroid and reproductive hormone levels. In conclusion, current evidence is not sufficient to support the causal relationship between the elevated systemic level of BP‐3 or OMC and adverse health outcomes. There are either contradictory findings among different studies or an insufficient number of studies to corroborate the observed association. To accurately evaluate the long‐term risk of exposure to BP‐3 and OMC from sunscreen, a well‐designed longitudinal randomized controlled trial needs to be conducted.

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“…As in the case of BP-2, also another EDC-bisphenol-A, with a structure similar to benzophenones poorly penetrates into the brain, which also suggests that, unlike endogenous estrogens, transport to the brain of xenobiotics showing affinity for estrogen receptors may be limited (Sun et al 2002 ). Like the blood-brain barrier, also the placental barrier seems to give some protection of the fetuses against certain benzophenones (Krause et al 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzophenone-2 Concentration and Its Effect on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Markers in Rat Brain

et al. 2019

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Benzophenones, frequently used as UV chemical filters, are absorbed through the skin and can exert systemic adverse effects. So far, most of the data are related to their action on sex hormone receptors whereas potential neurotoxic effect is expected mainly on the basis of in vitro studies. The aim of the present study was to determine concentrations of BP-2, oxidative stress and apoptosis markers in the rat brain after topical administration of this compound. Male Wistar rats were treated dermally with BP-2 (100 mg/kg, 4 weeks), and next, blood and tissue BP-2 concentrations and oxidative stress and apoptotic markers in the frontal cortex and hippocampus were determined. After dermal BP-2 administration, blood level of this compound was about 300 ng/ml while in the liver and adipose tissue 1354 and 823 ng/g wt tissue, respectively. In the studied brain structures, the levels of the test compound were from 5 to 19 ng/g tissue. In the hippocampus, where BP-2 level was about 3.5-fold lower than in the frontal cortex, no significant changes in either oxidative stress and apoptosis markers were observed. There was also no change in apoptosis markers in the frontal cortex but unexpectedly the oxidative stress markers were reduced. The research showed that BP-2 passes through the blood-brain barrier but its concentration in the brain structures are much lower than in the blood. This compound did not exacerbate oxidative stress and apoptosis markers in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, and even lowered oxidative stress in the frontal cortex.

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Presence of benzophenones commonly used as UV filters and absorbers in paired maternal and fetal samples

Cited by 95 publications

References 43 publications

Maternal exposure to UV filters: associations with maternal thyroid hormones, IGF-I/IGFBP3 and birth outcomes

Maternal exposure to UV filters: associations with maternal thyroid hormones, IGF-I/IGFBP3 and birth outcomes

The banned sunscreen ingredients and their impact on human health: a systematic review

Benzophenone-2 Concentration and Its Effect on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Markers in Rat Brain

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