Presence and Significance of Phenyl-Substituted Fatty Acids in Bovine Rumen Contents

Patton, Stuart; Kesler, E.M.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(67)87658-6

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The presence of PAA in the rumen was also observed by Patton and Kesler (1967) and Scott et al (1964). It was demonstrated that, after incubation of [U-14C]L-Phe with mixed rumen microorganisms in vitro, most of the radioactivity was incorporated in the PAA.…”

Section: Production Of Phenylacetic Acidmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…It was demonstrated that, after incubation of [U-14C]L-Phe with mixed rumen microorganisms in vitro, most of the radioactivity was incorporated in the PAA. Only qualitative, not quantitative information of the production of PAA from Phe by mixed rumen bacteria (Van Den Hende et al, 1964) and mixed rumen microorganisms (Patton and Kesler, 1967;Scott et al, 1964) was reported. In this experiment, the production of PAA by rumen bacteria and mixed rumen microorganisms reported so far was confirmed, and the quantitative production rate was shown for the first time.…”

Section: Production Of Phenylacetic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In vitro metabolism of phenylalanine by ruminal bacteria, protozoa, and their mixture.

Amin

Onodera

1997

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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An in vitro study was conducted to examine the metabolism of phenylalanine (Phe) by mixed rumen bacteria (B), mixed rumen protozoa (P), and a combination of the two (BP). Rumen microorganisms were collected from fistulated goats fed lucerne cubes (Medicago sativa) and a concentrated mixture twice a day. Microbial suspensions were anaerobically incubated at 39°C for 12 h. Phe and some other related compounds in both supernatants and microbial hydrolysates of the incubations were analysed by HPLC. The net degradation rate (µmollg microbial nitrogen) of Phe in B was about 1.5-fold higher than that in P. Phe was converted mainly into phenylacetic acid (PAA) and unknown compound(s) that presumably involved tyrosine in B, P, and BP during the 12h incubation period. Small amounts of benzoic acid (BZA), and traces of phenylpropionic acid (PPR) and phenyllactic acid (PLA) were also produced from Phe. PAA production in B was found to be higher than that in P, whereas it was significantly higher in BP. Although BZA production was less than one-tenth that of PAA production, it was higher in P than in B and BP. PPR was detected in both B and BP, but not in P. PLA was detected only in B. The production of unknown compound(s) was higher in B than in P and BP.

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Section: Production Of Phenylacetic Acidmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Production Of Phenylacetic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro metabolism of phenylalanine by ruminal bacteria, protozoa, and their mixture.

Amin

Onodera

1997

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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“…It also suggests that the predation of protozoa can decrease the number of bacteria in the mixed microbial suspensions, and result in the decrease of total bacterial activity to convert PAA from Phe. PAA production from Phe by rumen bacteria (Amin et al, 1994;Van Den Hende et al, 1964), mixed rumen microorganisms (Amin et al, 1994;Patton and Kesler, 1967;Scott et al, 1964), rumen protozoa Entodinium caudatum (Coleman, 1967), and mixed rumen protozoa (Amin et al, 1994) has already been demonstrated. The production of PAA from PPY by ruminal B, P, and BP in this experiment was the first evidence.…”

Section: Production Of Phenylacetic Acid From Phenylpyruvic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of phenylalanine and production of other related compounds from phenylpyruvic acid and phenylacetic acid by ruminal bacteria, protozoa, and their mixture in vitro.

Amin¹,

Onodera²

1997

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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Phenylalanine (Phe) synthesis and the production of other related compounds by mixed ruminal bacteria (B), protozoa (P), and a combination of the two mixture (BP) in an in vitro system were quantitatively investigated using phenylpyruvic acid (PPY) and phenylacetic acid (PAA) as substrates. Rumen microorganisms were collected from fistulated goats fed lucerne cubes (Medicago sativa) and a concentrated mixture twice a day. Microbial suspensions were anaerobically incubated at 39°C for 12 h. Phe and some other related compounds in both supernatants and microbial hydrolysates of the incubations were analysed by HPLC. A large quantity of Phe was produced from both PPY and PAA not only in B but also in P. In B suspensions, free Phe also accumulated in the medium only when PPY was used as a substrate. The ability of B to synthesize Phe from both PPY and PAA (expressed as unit 'per microbial nitrogen') was 5.1 and 24.8% higher than P, respectively. Phe production from PPY in B and P was 43.5 and 55.2% higher than that from PAA. Large amounts of PAA (17-27%) were produced from PPY in all microbial suspension and production amounts were similar in B and P. Small amounts of benzoic acid (BZA) were produced from PPY and PAA in B, P, and BP, and higher BZA production was observed in P as compared to B. Phenylpropionic acid (PPR) was produced in B from both PPY and PAA, but not in P or BP. A trace amount of phenyllactic acid (PLA) was detected only from PPY in B. Higher concentrations of an unknown compound from PPY and PAA were found to be accumulated in the body protein of B and also in the medium of P, and production of the compound from both PPY and PAA was also higher in B than P.Key Words benzoic acid; phenylacetic acid; phenylalanine synthesis; onic acid; phenylpyruvic acid; rumen bacteria; rumen protozoa phenyllactic acid; phenylpropiIn phenylalanine (Phe) anabolism by rumen bacteria, phenylacetic acid (PAA) has been observed to be reductively carboxylated to form phenylpyruvic acid (PPY) and then transaminated to form Phe (Allison, 1965;Allison et al., 1984;Kristensen, 1974). Bacteria identical with the ruminal organisms that use PAA in Phe biosynthesis (Allison, 1966;Allison and Robinson, 1967a;Allison et al., 1984;Gehring and Daniel, 1971) have been found in other anaerobic environments (E3rown and Moore, 1960). A similar metabolic mechanism by the rumen bacteria for other aromatic amino acids like tryptophan (Allison and Robinson,

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“…Tyrosine is metabolized to a limited extent in the rumen to yield 3-PPA (Scott et al 1964;Patton & Kesler, 1967) but both these studies showed that the amounts of 3-PPA that were found in rumen fluid were too great to be accounted for by rumen microbial metabolism of tyrosine.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3-PPA is the major aromatic acid found in the rumen fluid of steers (Cmelik & Mathews, 1965), of sheep (Scott et al 1964;Martin, 1973Martin, , 1982 and of cows (Patton & Kesler, 1967); only trace amounts of BA are found. Tyrosine is metabolized to a limited extent in the rumen to yield 3-PPA (Scott et al 1964;Patton & Kesler, 1967) but both these studies showed that the amounts of 3-PPA that were found in rumen fluid were too great to be accounted for by rumen microbial metabolism of tyrosine.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The origin of urinary aromatic compounds excreted by ruminants 2. The metabolism of phenolic cinnamic acids to benzoic acid

Martin

1982

Br J Nutr

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1. The extent to which phenolic derivatives of benzoic acid (seven); of phenylacetic acid (one); of 3-phenylpropionic acid (one) and of cinnamic acid (six) served as precursors of the urinary benzoic acid excreted by sheep was determined after administration as continuous drips via rumen or abomasal cannulas.2. Phenolic derivatives of benzoic or of phenylacetic acid were not dehydroxylated to yield aromatic acids following administration via either route.3. Rumen infusion of phenolic derivatives of both 3-phenylpropionic and cinnamic acids gave enhanced rumen concentrations of 3-phenylpropionic acid'with negligible amounts of benzoic acid. Between 63 and 106% of the 2-, 3-or 4-hydroxy acids, of the 3,4-dihydroxy acids or of the 3-rnethoxy, 4-hydroxy acids infused were excreted in the urine as benzoic acid and a variable proportion, characteristic of the individual animal, of up to 20% of the dose as cinnamic acid.4. Abomasal infusion of monohydroxy 3-phenylpropionic and cinnamic acids did not yield urinary benzoic acid increments. However, between 1 1 and 34% of abomasally-infused disubstituted phenolic cinnamic acids infused were excreted in the urine as benzoic acid due, it is postulated, to entero-hepatic circulation and microbial metabolism of the infused acids in the large intestine.5. It is concluded that rumen microbial metabolism of dietary phenolic cinnamic acids to 3-phenylpropionic acid followed by its absorption and oxidation in the body tissues is responsible for the greater part of the benzoic and cinnamic acids found in ruminant urine.

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Presence and Significance of Phenyl-Substituted Fatty Acids in Bovine Rumen Contents

Cited by 19 publications

References 5 publications

In vitro metabolism of phenylalanine by ruminal bacteria, protozoa, and their mixture.

In vitro metabolism of phenylalanine by ruminal bacteria, protozoa, and their mixture.

Synthesis of phenylalanine and production of other related compounds from phenylpyruvic acid and phenylacetic acid by ruminal bacteria, protozoa, and their mixture in vitro.

The origin of urinary aromatic compounds excreted by ruminants 2. The metabolism of phenolic cinnamic acids to benzoic acid

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