Presence and Persistence of Salmonella in Water: The Impact on Microbial Quality of Water and Food Safety

Liu, Huanli; Whitehouse, Chris A.; Li, Baoguang

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00159

Cited by 160 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 163 publications

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“…A supporting report related about 60% of the fresh produce outbreaks to Salmonella among all pathogens investigated from 2006 to 2017 (Liu et al ). In this respect, the ability of Salmonella to persist on plants has been extensively studied.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk of infection due to microbial pollution in wastewater used for irrigation was estimated using the QMRA approach. Salmonella was selected as a specific microbial hazard to model, known to be found in significant concentrations in polluted irrigation water (Rocha ), relatively persistent in the environment (Liu et al ), and contributing to the majority of water‐ and food‐ associated infections in both developed and developing countries (Crump and Mintz ). For dose–response assessment, the beta‐Poisson model (Haas et al ) was applied using Equations and :

P_{A} = 1 - {[1 - {italicP}_{normali} (italicd)]}^{n}

P_{i} (d) = 1 - {[1 + (d / {normalN}_{50}) (2^{1 / α} - 1)]}^{- α}

where P A = the annual risk probability of Salmonella infection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applying Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Model in Developing Appropriate Standards for Irrigation Water

Ezzat

2020

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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This study aimed to apply a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model to estimate the annual risk probability of Salmonella infection associated with the consumption of crops, which were irrigated with raw wastewater abstracted by farmers without official permission. Data generated from the model were used to propose realistic standards for Salmonella in irrigation water needed for safe crop production. Results demonstrated the presence of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Salmonella in wastewater samples. Salmonella was recorded on lettuce and spinach in 3 different harvesting events, although it was not found in data obtained for parsley plant. The QMRA scenario included surface irrigation, consumption of raw crops, and 1-day withholding period before harvest. The annual risk probability of Salmonella infection for consumers exceeded the target tolerable risk (7.7 × 10 −4 ) for investigated crops. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between different annual risk probabilities showed significant correlation (p < 0.05). The levels of risk posed from spinach and lettuce were roughly similar, although they tended to be higher for lettuce. The optimum concentrations of Salmonella in irrigation water needed to satisfy the World Health Organization guidelines of disease burden (disabilityadjusted life years 10 −6 ) per person per year ranged from 34 to 119 via multiple-tube fermentation technique/100 mL, for spinach and lettuce plants, respectively. The study concluded that unofficial reuse of wastewater in irrigation is a principle route for crop contamination. Water quality monitoring programs should be integrated with QMRA investigations for better estimation of risk level. The fit parameters used could be tailored to cover a wide array of local situations in different countries. Models applied for viruses, helminths, and bacteria other than Salmonella are encouraged in future studies. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:353-361. © 2019 SETAC

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

P_{A} = 1 - {[1 - {italicP}_{normali} (italicd)]}^{n}

P_{i} (d) = 1 - {[1 + (d / {normalN}_{50}) (2^{1 / α} - 1)]}^{- α}

where P A = the annual risk probability of Salmonella infection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Model in Developing Appropriate Standards for Irrigation Water

Ezzat

2020

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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“…Accordingly, WHO has estimated that tens of millions of human cases occur worldwide every year and these diseases result in more than hundred thousand deaths [WHO 2016]. Number of resent studies have shown that presence of Salmonella and Shigella in sewage effluents, irrigation water, freshwater and marine waters globally [CABRAL 2010;LIU et al 2018;ODJADJARE, OLANIRAN 2015] and limited numbers of published research information on human pathogenic bacteria in both ground and surface water are available in Sri Lanka 2019;MANNAPPERUMA et al 2013].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water quality and microbial contamination status of Madawachchiya, Padaviya and Kebithigollewa areas in Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka

Mahagamage

Manage

2019

Journal of Water and Land Development

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Typhoid or enteric fever is a worldwide infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica. In Sri Lanka, 12,823 Salmonella positive cases were recorded and 133 cases were recorded from Anuradhapura district during 2005 to 2014. Therefore, the study was carried out to identify the microbiological and chemical contamination status of forty-four water sources in Anuradhapura area during October 2016. The study was focused to determine total coliform, faecal coliform, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. contamination along with some physico-chemical parameters of both ground and surface water. Sampling, transportation, and analysis were performed following standard protocols. Results of the study revealed that almost all sampling locations were contaminated with both total and E. coli bacteria and the values were not within the World Health Organization and Sri Lanka Standards drinking water quality standards. Around 32% of sampling locations were positive for Salmonella spp. and among them, 2 spring sampling locations are being highly used to extract water for drinking. However, Shigella spp. was not recorded during the study period. Majority of the sampling points were not within the Sri Lanka drinking water standards for COD and 25% sampling locations were recorded greater than 750 μS∙cm−1 conductivity. Also, 55% of locations recorded very hard water where the highest values were recorded in Padaviya. The tested other water quality parameters: NO2-N, NH3-N, and total phosphate (TP) concentrations were found within the Sri Lanka drinking water standards. PCA analysis revealed that sampling locations were grouped into three groups such as; well water, tank water and springs.

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“…It is not uncommon to detect these ARB in environmental samples as evident from the recent work of Divya and Hatha (2019), Proia et al (2019) and Liu et al (2018), who also detected antibiotic resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. in various environmental samples including tropical estuarine water, waste water, sewage etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Detection of tetracycline resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. in sewage, river, pond and swimming pool in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Nahar¹,

Islam²,

Sobur³

et al. 2019

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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Antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes in the environment are major health problem globally. The present study was undertaken to detect antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in sewage, river, pond and swimming pool. Emphasis was given on tetracycline resistant phenotype and genotype, since, tetracycline is a widely used antibiotics. Isolation and identification of antibiotic resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. were based on morphology, staining, cultural, and biochemical properties, disk diffusion test and PCR. A total of 47 samples were collected from Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Among the 47 samples, 36 (76.59%) were found positive for E. coli and 42 (89.36%) for Salmonella spp. Phenotypically, all isolates were found resistant to tetracycline as revealed by disk diffusion test. Isolated E. coli were resistant to chloramphenicol (5.5%), streptomycin (16.6%) and ampicillin (97.2%) while Salmonella spp. to chloramphenicol (07.1%), ciprofloxacin (07.1%), streptomycin (19.1%) and ampicillin (100%). All bacterial isolates were sensitive to gentamycin. PCR result showed that 77.77 and 80.95% phenotypically tetracycline resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. were positive for tetA gene. From this study it is concluded that tetracycline resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. widely present in sewage, river, pond and swimming pool water are of great public health concern.

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Presence and Persistence of Salmonella in Water: The Impact on Microbial Quality of Water and Food Safety

Cited by 160 publications

References 163 publications

Applying Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Model in Developing Appropriate Standards for Irrigation Water

Applying Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Model in Developing Appropriate Standards for Irrigation Water

Water quality and microbial contamination status of Madawachchiya, Padaviya and Kebithigollewa areas in Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka

Detection of tetracycline resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. in sewage, river, pond and swimming pool in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

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