Presence and metabolism of endogenous androgenic–anabolic steroid hormones in meat-producing animals: a review

Scarth, James; Akre, Christine; Ginkel, Leendert van; Bizec, Bruno Le; Brabander, Hubert De; Korth, W; Points, J.; Teale, P.; Kay, Jack F.

doi:10.1080/02652030802627160

Cited by 77 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…However, as analytical limits of detection decrease, it is also likely that further steroids will be discovered as endogenous in food-producing animals. For example, since the time that the review article of Scarth et al [35] was published, the following steroids have been discovered to be endogenous: 19-noretiocholanolone in boars and gilts, [42] a range of different nandrolone metabolites in steers and heifers, [47,80] wethers, rams and ewes [48] as well as prednisolone in cattle. [81] Furthermore, it has recently been demonstrated that some types of wooden crate in which veal calves are housed may contain precursors to Boldenone.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production

Scarth¹,

Kay

Teale³

et al. 2012

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Detection of the abuse of synthetic steroids in food production is nowadays relatively straightforward using modern techniques such as gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS or LC-MS/MS, respectively). However, proving the abuse of 'endogenous' (or naturally occurring) steroids is more difficult. Despite these difficulties, significant progress in this area has recently been made and a number of methods are now available.The aim of the current review was to systematically review the available analytical approaches, which include threshold concentrations, qualitative 'marker' metabolites, intact steroid esters, gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS), longitudinal testing and 'omics' biomarker profiling. The advantages/disadvantages of these methods are considered in detail, but the choice of which to adopt is dictated by a number of practical, political, and economic factors, which vary in different parts of the world. These include the steroid/species combination requiring analysis, the matrix tested, whether samples are collected from live or slaughtered animals, available analytical instrumentation, sample throughput/cost, and the relevant legal/regulatory frameworks. Furthermore, these approaches could be combined in a range of different parallel and/or sequential screening/confirmatory testing streams, with the final choice being determined by the aforementioned considerations.Despite these advances, more work is required to refine the different techniques and to respond to the ever increasing list of compounds classified as 'endogenous'. At this advanced stage, however, it is now more important than ever for scientists and regulators from across the world to communicate and collaborate in order to harmonize and streamline research efforts.

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Section: Discussion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production

Scarth¹,

Kay

Teale³

et al. 2012

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…For some tertiary 17β-hydroxy groups this glucuronidation also takes place (Schänzer 1996). In sheep, testosterone is primarily excreted as glucuronide conjugates in urine and sulphate conjugates in bile and it is further reported that in pig plasma conjugated steroids are mainly found as sulphate conjugates (Scarth et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In human, metabolism of testosterone to androsterone is reported and androsterone is excreted as sulphate conjugate (Higashi et al, 2007). And further nortestosterone and a 3β-hydroxy metabolite are excreted as sulphate conjugates (Schänzer 1996;Scarth et al, 2009). Following the administration of nortestosterone laurate to boar, nortestosterone sulphate was the predominant metabolite obtained (Ventura et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…testosterone, nortestosterone and boldenone), on ring D, is well known and sulphatation is possible and described for e.g. testosterone, boldenone and altrenogest in horses (Le Bizec et al, 2006;Pu et al, 2004;Lampinen-Salomonsson et al, 2006) and bovine (Scarth et al, 2009). For some tertiary 17β-hydroxy groups this glucuronidation also takes place (Schänzer 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimised deconjugation of androgenic steroid conjugates in bovine urine

Pedersen

Frandsen

Andersen

2017

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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After administration of steroids to animals the steroids are partially metabolised in the liver and kidney to phase 2 metabolites i.e. glucuronic acid or sulphate conjugates. During analysis, these conjugated metabolites are normally deconjugated enzymatically with aryl sulphatase and glucuronidase resulting in free steroids in the extract. It is well known that some sulphates are not deconjugated using aryl sulphatase; instead e.g. solvolysis can be used for deconjugation of these aliphatic sulphates. Sulphate conjugates of selected steroids were synthesized by reaction with excess of sulphur trioxide/trimethylamine in dimethylformamide. The effectiveness of solvolysis on androgenic steroid sulphates is tested with selected aliphatic steroid sulphates (boldenone sulphate, nortestosterone sulphate and testosterone sulphate). And the method is validated for analysis of androgenic steroids in bovine urine using free steroids, steroid sulphates and steroid glucuronides as standards. Glucuronidase and sulphuric acid in ethylacetate are used for deconjugation and the extract is purified by SPE. The final extract is evaporated to dryness, re-dissolved and analysed by LC-MS/MS.

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“…The results from the NRCPs 2005-2010 show bovine samples noncompliant for anabolic steroids. Because of the potential occurrence of some of these substances endogenously, particularly substances such as alpha-boldenone, epinandrolone (especially in pregnant cows) and the natural hormones (for a review, see Scarth et al, 2009), it is difficult to establish an accurate estimate for the level of abuse of anabolic steroids in European cattle production from these data. There are divergent views on the potential adverse effects for the consumer from residues of anabolic steroids in edible tissues of treated animals.…”

Section: (A) Dioxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (bovine animals)

2013

EFSA Journal

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A risk ranking process identified Salmonella spp. and pathogenic verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as current high-priority biological hazards for meat inspection of bovine animals. As these hazards are not detected by traditional meat inspection, a meat safety assurance system for the farm-to-chilled carcass continuum using a risk-based approach was proposed. Key elements of the system are risk-categorisation of slaughter animals for high-priority biological hazards based on improved food chain information, as well as risk-categorisation of slaughterhouses according to their capability to control those hazards. Omission of palpation and incision during post-mortem inspection for animals subjected to routine slaughter may decrease spreading and cross-contamination with the high-priority biological hazards. For chemical hazards, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls were ranked as being of high potential concern; all other substances were SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from several animal species, with the contribution of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) and the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). Briefly, the main risks to public health that should be addressed by the meat inspection system were identified and ranked; the strengths and weaknesses of the current meat inspection system were evaluated; recommendations were made for inspection methods addressing hazards not covered by the current meat inspection system; and recommendations for adaptations of inspection methods and/or frequencies of inspection that provide an equivalent level of protection were made. In addition, the implications for animal health and animal welfare of any proposed changes to current inspection methods were assessed. This opinion covers the inspection of meat from bovine animals.The Terms of Reference from the European Commission requested two opinions, one covering bovine animals under six weeks old and the other covering bovine animals over six weeks old. It was determined that within a true risk-based meat inspection concept, it is not necessary to design and apply a separate meat inspection system for individual bovine species or farming systems or animal age categories. Rather, a universal meat inspection framework can be designed and applied that would allow risk categorisation of animals based on individual farm-related food chain information (FCI), which also includes farming system and animal age category components. Furthermore, the available data from the National Residue Control Programmes (NRCPs) do not readily discriminate between the two age groups. Therefore, the assessment did not differentiate between these two age groups in terms of biological hazards, chemical residues and contaminants, and subsequently a single opinion is provided.Decision trees were developed and used for pr...

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Presence and metabolism of endogenous androgenic–anabolic steroid hormones in meat-producing animals: a review

Cited by 77 publications

References 92 publications

A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production

A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production

Optimised deconjugation of androgenic steroid conjugates in bovine urine

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (bovine animals)

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