Presence and diversity of Leishmania RNA virus in an old zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus, northeastern Iran: haplotype and phylogenetic based approach

Saberi, Reza; Fakhar, Mahdi; Hajjaran, Homa; Ataei‐Pirkooh, Angila; Mohebali, Mehdi; Taghipour, Niloofar; Hezarjaribi, Hajar Ziaei; Moghadam, Yousef Dadi; Bagheri, Abouzar

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.033

Cited by 22 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…According to previous evidence, studies have been conducted to investigate the presence of Leishmania RNA virus in Iran. It is interesting to know that Leishmania RNA virus has been detected in many L. major species and one L. infantum isolated from a VL patient, and one L. tropica isolated from a CL patient in Iran (110,183).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Geographical Distribution of Human Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmania Species Identified by Molecular Methods in Iran: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis

Hajjaran

Saberi

Borjian

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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Leishmaniasis is one of the most common vector-borne parasitic diseases in Iran. Leishmania species identification is necessary for epidemiological aspects, precise prognosis, control and treatment of the disease. We systematically searched all the studies, reports, and documentation related to species identification and geographical distribution of causative agents of cutaneous (CL), mucosal (ML), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) using DNA-based molecular diagnostic techniques in Iran. International databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science were systemically searched for English articles and Iran's databases including SID, IranMedex and Magiran were searched for Persian reports and articles. Searches were performed from 1999 to 2019 (20 years). The current review was conducted using the keywords: cutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis, Leishmania species, Human, Molecular, PCR, and Iran. The study quality was evaluated using the NOS checklist. This meta-analysis procedure was accomplished using STATA, version 2.7.9. Of the 3,426 records identified in the initial search, 154 articles met inclusion criteria and qualified for the systematic review and meta-analysis. In subgroup analysis, the pooled frequency of causative agents of CL isolates was 67.3% (95% CI: 59.51–74.67%) for L. major and 32.1% (95% CI: 24.72–39.87%) for L. tropica. In addition, the pooled frequency of causative agents of VL isolates was 97.1% (95% CI: 94.6–98.8%) for L. infantum and 2.9% (95% CI: 1.12–5.37%) for L. tropica. The findings of this study showed that the main causative agents of CL and VL in Iran are L. major and L. infantum, respectively. Moreover, kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and internal transcriber spacer (ITS) were the most used markers for identifying Leishmania species. The current study provides valuable data to encourage and direct researchers as well as public health managers in the comprehensive leishmaniasis control and prevention planning in Iran.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Geographical Distribution of Human Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmania Species Identified by Molecular Methods in Iran: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis

Hajjaran

Saberi

Borjian

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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“…LRV2 was detected in L. major [ 21 ], Leishmania infantum [ 22 ], Leishmania aethiopica [ 18 , 49 ], and Leishmania tropica [ 50 ]. Two studies conducted in Iran, in a zoonotic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and including visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients, reported that the virus was detected in two different parasite specimens: one L .…”

Section: A Brief History Of the Detection And Dispersion Of Lrv1 Lrv2 And Lbvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fifty-nine (69.4%) presented LRV2, and one out of the two L . tropica isolates was also positive for LRV2 [ 50 ]. L .…”

Section: A Brief History Of the Detection And Dispersion Of Lrv1 Lrv2 And Lbvmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Maze Pathway of Coevolution: A Critical Review over the Leishmania and Its Endosymbiotic History

Cantanhêde

Mata-Somarribas

Chourabi

et al. 2021

Genes

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The description of the genus Leishmania as the causative agent of leishmaniasis occurred in the modern age. However, evolutionary studies suggest that the origin of Leishmania can be traced back to the Mesozoic era. Subsequently, during its evolutionary process, it achieved worldwide dispersion predating the breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent. It is assumed that this parasite evolved from monoxenic Trypanosomatidae. Phylogenetic studies locate dixenous Leishmania in a well-supported clade, in the recently named subfamily Leishmaniinae, which also includes monoxenous trypanosomatids. Virus-like particles have been reported in many species of this family. To date, several Leishmania species have been reported to be infected by Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) and Leishbunyavirus (LBV). Since the first descriptions of LRVs decades ago, differences in their genomic structures have been highlighted, leading to the designation of LRV1 in L. (Viannia) species and LRV2 in L. (Leishmania) species. There are strong indications that viruses that infect Leishmania spp. have the ability to enhance parasitic survival in humans as well as in experimental infections, through highly complex and specialized mechanisms. Phylogenetic analyses of these viruses have shown that their genomic differences correlate with the parasite species infected, suggesting a coevolutionary process. Herein, we will explore what has been described in the literature regarding the relationship between Leishmania and endosymbiotic Leishmania viruses and what is known about this association that could contribute to discussions about the worldwide dispersion of Leishmania.

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“…By using these intrinsic LEVs, Leishmania parasites retained sophisticated survival pathways in their most ancient evolution [70][71][72][73][74]. Overall, LEVs are heterogeneous, membrane-limited structures that play important roles in numerous biological processes, both pathophysiological and physiological, and in specific intercellular crosstalk between cells, transferring information through multiple cargoes and modulating the immune system of the host [70][71][72]75,76].…”

Section: Leishmania Extracellular Vesicles (Levs): Do We Know Everything?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The LEVs released from the promastigotes and amastigotes is a potentially ample field of research, which provides the background for comparative studies of the LEVs, which identified a positive selection mechanism in the poorly known mutualistic relationship of L. (V.) guyanensis and the LRV1 endovirus [70,72]. Ancient Leishmania lineages infected naturally with an endosymbiotic non-enveloped RNA virus might maximize Leishmania infectivity by subverting the immune response as a determinant of disease severity related to the co-circulation of the Leishmania viruses (LRV1 and LRV2) in the zoonotic focus on leishmaniasis in both the New and Old Worlds [70,[72][73][74]. There is some evidence that parasites infected with the LRV1 virus may be more pathogenic in experimental models and in humans, exacerbating the aggressiveness of muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis [70,72,73].…”

Section: Leishmania Extracellular Vesicles: What We Know So Farmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania 360°: Guidelines for Exosomal Research

et al. 2021

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Leishmania parasites are a group of kinetoplastid pathogens that cause a variety of clinical disorders while maintaining cell communication by secreting extracellular vesicles. Emerging technologies have been adapted for the study of Leishmania-host cell interactions, to enable the broad-scale analysis of the extracellular vesicles of this parasite. Leishmania extracellular vesicles (LEVs) are spheroidal nanoparticles of polydispersed suspensions surrounded by a layer of lipid membrane. Although LEVs have attracted increasing attention from researchers, many aspects of their biology remain unclear, including their bioavailability and function in the complex molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. Given the importance of LEVs in the parasite-host interaction, and in the parasite-parasite relationships that have emerged during the evolutionary history of these organisms, the present review provides an overview of the available data on Leishmania, and formulates guidelines for LEV research. We conclude by reporting direct methods for the isolation of specific LEVs from the culture supernatant of the promastigotes and amastigotes that are suitable for a range of different downstream applications, which increases the compatibility and reproducibility of the approach for the establishment of optimal and comparable isolation conditions and the complete characterization of the LEV, as well as the critical immunomodulatory events triggered by this important group of parasites.

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Presence and diversity of Leishmania RNA virus in an old zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus, northeastern Iran: haplotype and phylogenetic based approach

Cited by 22 publications

References 26 publications

The Geographical Distribution of Human Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmania Species Identified by Molecular Methods in Iran: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis

The Geographical Distribution of Human Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmania Species Identified by Molecular Methods in Iran: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis

The Maze Pathway of Coevolution: A Critical Review over the Leishmania and Its Endosymbiotic History

Leishmania 360°: Guidelines for Exosomal Research

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