“…The Teachers' Sense of Teacher Efficacy Scale (TSES), which was initially constructed and studied as the Ohio State Teacher Efficacy Scale (OSTES), was finally derived following several improvements and verifications (Gibson & Dembo, 1984;Tschannen-Moran et al, 1998;Tchannen-Moran & Hoy, 2001). As Tchannen- Moran & Hoy (2001) constructed the TSES to measure this construct, numerous authors validated its characteristics on different samples (Alcaraz-Ibsnez et al, 2018;Arata & Soto, 2012;Bakar & Mohamed, 2009;Bašić, 2008;Chang & Engelhard, 2016;Ekici & Güngör, 2014;Fabio & Palazzeschi, 2008;Fives & Buehl, 2009;Ghonsooly et al, 2014;Gurcay, 2015;Koomen et al, 2016;Lu & Manzar-Abbas, 2015;Maniadaki et al, 2006;Sariçoban, 2010;Ruan et al, 2015;Valenčić Štembergar & Lepičnik Vodopivec, 2016;Yada & Savolainen, 2017). According to various international studies, the TSES measures three constructs that are recognised as essential teacher competencies: efficacy in pupil engagement, efficacy in instructional strategies, and efficacy in classroom management.…”