Preschool Motor Skills of Children Born Prematurely and Not Diagnosed as Having Cerebral Palsy

Crowe, Terry K.; Deitz, Jean; Bennett, Forrest C.; TeKolste, Katherine A.

doi:10.1097/00004703-198808000-00002

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…With some exceptions (e.g. Marlow et al 1989, Vohr et al 1992, these studies reported a relation of neonatal ultrasound abnormalities, particularly those consistent with PL/VE, to motor problems in children without disabilities (Crowe et al 1988, Levene 1990, Fawer and Calame 1991, Weisglas-Kuperus et al 1993. Neuropathological studies of white-matter injury (Leviton and Paneth 1990) as well as postmortem examination of infants in the NBHS cohort (Paneth et al 1994) suggest that PL/VE as identified by ultrasound is indicative of ischemic injury to white matter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, the relation of perinatal brain injury, as detected by ultrasound, to more subtle problems in motor performance and general cognitive ability in LBW children without disabilities has been studied to date in small hospital-based studies only (Crowe et al 1988, Marlow et al 1989, Fawer and Calame 1991, Levene 1992, Vohr et al 1992, Marlowe et al 1993, Weisglas-Kuperus et al 1993, Fawer et al 1995.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Relation of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in low‐birthweight infants to motor or cognitive performance at ages 2, 6, and 9 years

Pinto‐Martin

Whitaker

Feldman

et al. 1999

Develop Med Child Neuro

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This study sought to determine whether neonatal cranial ultrasound abnormalities are related to motor and cognitive outcomes in low-birthweight (LBW, <2000 g) children without major motor or cognitive disability. The relation of neonatal cranial ultrasound abnormalities to motor performance and general cognitive ability at ages 2, 6, and 9 years was examined in a prospectively followed regional cohort of LBW children, excluding those with major disability, and controlling for other risk factors. Compared with children without ultrasound abnormalities, children with abnormalities indicative of ischemic white-matter injury had poorer motor performance at all three ages and, at age 2, lower general cognitive ability. The latter finding was not seen when motor performance was also controlled for. It was concluded that in LBW children without major motor or cognitive disability, ischemic white-matter injury indicated by neonatal cranial ultrasound abnormalities adversely affected motor performance at ages 2, 6, and 9 years, but not general cognitive ability.Improved survival of infants born at low birthweight (LBW, < 2000 g) has shifted the focus of pediatric concern from mortality to long-term morbidity (McCormick 1989(McCormick , 1992. Several geographically based population studies support the conclusion that LBW children who have access to neonatal intensive care units at birth are at excess risk for major childhood disability (Drillien et al. 1980, Klein et al. 1985, Saigal et al. 1990, Veen et al. 1991, Scottish Low Birthweight Study Group 1992a. By 2 years of age, nearly 8% are found to have disabling cerebral palsy (CP) (Escobar et al. 1991, Pinto-Martin et al. 1995, and by school age, 5% have severe (moderate to profound) mental retardation* (Aylward et al. 1989, Whitaker et al. 1996. Accumulating studies also suggest that while LBW and very low-birthweight (VLBW) children who escape major disability seem similar to children of normal birthweight on tests of general cognitive ability, they are less motorically competent (Ornstein 1991, Scottish Low Birthweight Study Group 1992b. Other studies also indicate that within samples of LBW children without disabilities, both motor and cognitive abilities covary with birthweight (Scottish Low Birthweight Study Group 1992, Breslau 1994.Since the introduction of neonatal cranial ultrasound in the early 1980s, the relation of perinatal brain injury, particularly white-matter injury, to major disability in LBW children has been demonstrated in both hospital-based (Kitchen et al.1980, Low et al. 1986, Sostek et al. 1987, Bozynski et al. 1988, Lewis and Bendersky 1989, Stewart et al. 1989, Bennett et al. 1990, Whitaker et al. 1990) and population-based studies (Campbell 1993, Pinto-Martin et al. 1995, Whitaker et al. 1996. However, the relation of perinatal brain injury, as detected by ultrasound, to more subtle problems in motor performance and general cognitive ability in LBW children without disabilities has been studied to date in small hospital-based studies only...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in low‐birthweight infants to motor or cognitive performance at ages 2, 6, and 9 years

Pinto‐Martin

Whitaker

Feldman

et al. 1999

Develop Med Child Neuro

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“…suggests that low birth weight (LBW) increases risk for not only major disabilities such as cerebral palsy and mental retardation 1,2 but also subtler motor and cognitive problemsinnondisabledsurvivorsbyschool age [3][4][5][6] and, with some exceptions, 7 even as late as adolescence. [8][9][10][11][12][13] The most commonly studied prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors for motor and cognitive outcomes in nondisabled LBW adolescents are the basic birth characteristics that are readily available at or before birth: social disadvantage, sex, birth weight for gestational age, and gestational age.…”

Section: Ounting Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Motor and Cognitive Outcomes in Nondisabled Low-Birth-Weight Adolescents

Whitaker

Feldman²,

Lorenz³

et al. 2006

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

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“…While there is extensive literature documenting the outcome of high-risk preterm infants, currently very little is known about the later developmental status of infants who survive prematurity sustaining no measurable neurological damage. The available research suggests that such infants achieve the normative range on many global measures of intellectual development (Caputo et al 1979, Crowe et al 1988), but with more selective testing subtle deficits are found (for example, Foreman et al 1997). Research with this population is important because (1) even infants who appear to be at low risk and developing normally may later show developmental difficulties at preschool and school age, (2) appropriate normative standards of development for low-risk preterm infants are needed, particularly as they may provide the best comparison for tracking the developmental course of preterm infants with secondary complications (Majnemer et al 1993), and (3) this work can be used as an 'experimental' model for investigating the relative importance of maturational and experiential factors in development of cognitive abilities (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

Explicit memory in low-risk infants aged 19 months born between 27 and 42 weeks of gestation

Haan

Bauer

Georgieff

et al. 2000

Dev Med Child Neurol

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The aim of this study was to determine whether there are primary effects of prematurity on the development of explicit memory. Elicited imitation of action sequences was used to compare immediate and 15-minute delayed memory in term and preterm infants (19 months corrected age; n=48) who were at low risk: none had experienced the medical or social risk factors often associated with preterm birth. Relative to infants born at term (38 to 40 weeks' gestation), children who had been born at 27 to 34 weeks' gestation showed lower levels of ordered recall; performance of healthy infants born at 35 to 37 weeks' gestation was intermediate and did not differ significantly from that of the other groups. These results suggest that specific cognitive deficits can occur as a function of preterm birth even in low-risk infants.

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Preschool Motor Skills of Children Born Prematurely and Not Diagnosed as Having Cerebral Palsy

Cited by 20 publications

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Relation of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in low‐birthweight infants to motor or cognitive performance at ages 2, 6, and 9 years

Relation of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in low‐birthweight infants to motor or cognitive performance at ages 2, 6, and 9 years

Motor and Cognitive Outcomes in Nondisabled Low-Birth-Weight Adolescents

Explicit memory in low-risk infants aged 19 months born between 27 and 42 weeks of gestation

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