Prerequisites for Oral Immunization of Free-Ranging Raccoons (Procyon Lotor) With a Recombinant Rabies Virus Vaccine: Study Site Ecology and Bait System Development

Hable, Charles P.; Hamir, Amir N.; Snyder, Daniel E.; Joyner, Rebecca E.; French, Justin T.; Nettles, Victor F.; Hanlon, Cathleen A.; Rupprecht, Charles E.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-28.1.64

Cited by 38 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In this study, 85% of the sampled opossums were tetracycline positive. Hable et al (1992) found similar results; 80% (4/5), and 50% (1/2) of the opossums sampled from Murphy Island (South Carolina, USA) were tetracycline positive. Only one of the 31 cats was tetracycline positive, suggesting that cats do not consume a large number of the vaccine-laden baits.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Fifty-seven percent of the sampled raccoons were tetracycline positive, which is within the ranges that have been previously reported in placebo trials and the two published vaccine trials (Rupprecht et al, 1987;Perry et al, 1989;Hanlon et al, 1989;Hable et al, 1992;Hanlon et al, 1993Hanlon et al, , 1998Roscoe et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…A rabies vaccine, consisting of a vaccinia virus recombinant containing the rabies virus glycoprotein gene (V-RG), has been shown to be an effective oral immunogen in raccoons (Rupprecht and Kieny, 1988) and has not caused rabies in any of the species tested (Rupprecht et al, 1992). The Raboral V-RG vaccine is currently being tested as a rabies control measure in several parts of the United States (Krebs et al, 1998;Fearneyhough et al, 1998;Roscoe et al, 1998;Robbins et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fluorescent yellow bands of tetracycline appear in the tooth and bone sections under ultraviolet illumination (Milch et al, 1957). Animals that have consumed the bait are marked with bands of tetracycline and animals that have not consumed the bait lack these bands, although discrepancies are known to occur (Hanlon et al, 1989;Hable et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bait Ingestion by Free-Ranging Raccoons and Nontarget Species in an Oral Rabies Vaccine Field Trial in Florida

Olson

Mitchell²,

Werner

2000

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Oral rabies vaccine-laden baits, with a tetracycline biomarker, were distributed in Pinellas County (Florida, USA) by helicopter drop and from cars from January to April 1997. A total of 130,320 baits was distributed throughout the county, yielding an average bait density of 185 baits per km 2 . Bait ingestion was estimated by microscopic detection of tetracycline in tooth and bone samples from 244 raccoons (Procyon lotor), 33 opossums (Didelphis virginianus), 31 feral cats, and two gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) that were trapped during FebruaryApril 1997. Active surveillance consisted of 17 trapping sites that were further categorized by six community descriptors. Passive surveillance consisted of animals that were collected as nuisance animals by Pinellas County Animal Services. The proportion of tetracycline positive raccoons was compared between collection techniques, among trapping sites, vegetation communities, and age and sex categories. Since there was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of tetracycline positive raccoons trapped during active surveillance (59%, 110/187) and passive surveillance (53%, 30/57), the data were pooled, resulting in a tetracycline positive frequency of 57% (140/244). The range in the positive tetracycline frequency established for raccoons from the 17 active surveillance sites was 9% (1/11) to 100% (3/3). The tetracycline positive frequency for raccoons ranged from 25% (3/12) at the dumpster sites to 78% (14/18) at the landfills. Juvenile male raccoons (71%, 34/48) were the most commonly marked age and sex class and adult females (42%, 21/50) were the least commonly marked age and sex class. Eighty-five percent (28/33) of the opossums, 3% (1/31) of the feral cats, and 50% (1/2) of the gray foxes were tetracycline positive.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Bait Ingestion by Free-Ranging Raccoons and Nontarget Species in an Oral Rabies Vaccine Field Trial in Florida

Olson

Mitchell²,

Werner

2000

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…9 Clinical signs, mortality, pathologic changes, reduced weight gains, serohematologic changes, and reduced immune response have been observed in broiler chicks given rations amended with F. proliferatum culture material that contained defined concentrations of FB 1 , fumonisin B 2 (FB 2 ), and moniliformin or purified FB 1 and moniliformin given individually and in combination (T. Javed et al, unpublished). 5 Prominent gross lesions in affected birds included ascites, hydropericardium, hepatopathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, pneumonitis, gizzard ulceration, and enlarged bursa of Fabricius with grumous material. Because the chicks given the mycotoxin-amended diets had clinical signs (ataxia, reduced weight gain, rough feathering, reduced lymphocyte viability, nephropathy) similar to those associated with vitamin A deficiency, serum vitamin A (retinol) concentrations in the affected chicks were determined, and dose-response effects were evaluated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adrenal Gland Adenomas in Raccoons (Procyon Lotor) from the Eastern United States

Hamir

Rupprecht²

1995

J VET Diagn Invest

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Neoplasms appear to be rather rare in the raccoon (Procyon lotor). In a retrospective survey of over 400 raccoon necropsies, only an astocytoma of the brain and a fibroma of the skin were observed. 3 However, 16 tumors were observed in 93 raccoons that were necropsied at zoological facilities. 10 Thirteen of these tumors were of the thyroid glands, and 1 each involved the liver, kidney, and uterus. The paucity of reported cases of neoplasia in this species may be due to genetic resistance of the raccoon to neoplasia, high turnover in free-ranging populations, or a lack of thorough pathologic examination of sufficient numbers of raccoons.The recent epizootic of raccoon rabies in the eastern USA 11 and subsequent development and experimental evaluation of a genetically engineered vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) recombinant virus vaccine 12 provided an opportunity to examine a large number of raccoons for pathologic changes. This communication documents adrenal gland tumors in 8 raccoons.The animals used for this investigation were obtained from 4 different locations in the eastern USA. During a 5-year period (1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990), 322 raccoons (113 from Pennsylvania, 85 from Ohio, 73 from Virginia, 51 from South Carolina) were necropsied, and their tissues were examined histopathologically. The Pennsylvania raccoons were from raccoon rabies-enzootic areas and were rabies suspects. The raccoons from Ohio were obtained from the wild and were used for experimental evaluation of the V-RG vaccine, rabies pathogenesis, and adenovirus studies. 7 The Virginia and the South Carolina raccoons were obtained from off-shore islands. 12 These island raccoons were from rabies-free areas and were used to compile baseline data for pathologic conditions prior to proposed V-RG release. Included in the Virginia raccoons were 53 raccoons that were necropsied for field evaluation of the V-RG vaccine. Raccoons from all 4 locations were either subadults or adults.At the time of necropsy, representative tissue samples of all major organs 5 were placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The tissues were processed for routine histology, embedded in paraffin, cut at 5 µm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for examination by light microscopy.Gross adrenal gland lesions were observed in 5 raccoons. The lesions were visible only when the adrenal glands were bisected. On cut section of the affected gland, a white round to oval mass, approximately 0.5 cm in diameter, was present From the

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Influence of landscape attributes on Virginia opossum density

et al. 2022

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The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), North America's only marsupial, has a range extending from southern Ontario, Canada, to the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, and from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific. Despite the Virginia opossum's taxonomic uniqueness in relation to other mammals in North America and rapidly expanding distribution, its ecology remains relatively understudied. Our poor understanding of the ecology of this important mesopredator is especially pronounced in the rural southeastern United States. Our goal was to estimate effects of habitat on opossum density within an extensive multiyear spatial capture-recapture study. Additionally, we compared the results of this spatial capture-recapture analysis with a simple relative abundance index. Opossum densities in the

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Prerequisites for Oral Immunization of Free-Ranging Raccoons (Procyon Lotor) With a Recombinant Rabies Virus Vaccine: Study Site Ecology and Bait System Development

Cited by 38 publications

References 23 publications

Bait Ingestion by Free-Ranging Raccoons and Nontarget Species in an Oral Rabies Vaccine Field Trial in Florida

Bait Ingestion by Free-Ranging Raccoons and Nontarget Species in an Oral Rabies Vaccine Field Trial in Florida

Adrenal Gland Adenomas in Raccoons (Procyon Lotor) from the Eastern United States

Influence of landscape attributes on Virginia opossum density

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