Preparedness for the Dengue Epidemic: Vaccine as a Viable Approach

Abstract

Dengue fever is one of the significant fatal mosquito-borne viral diseases and is considered to be a worldwide problem. Aedes mosquito is responsible for transmitting various serotypes of dengue viruses to humans. Dengue incidence has developed prominently throughout the world in the last ten years. The exact number of dengue cases is underestimated, whereas plenty of cases are misdiagnosed as alternative febrile sicknesses. There is an estimation that about 390 million dengue cases occur annually. Dengue fever encompasses a wide range of clinical presentations, usually with undefinable clinical progression and outcome. The diagnosis of dengue depends on serology tests, molecular diagnostic methods, and antigen detection tests. The therapeutic approach relies completely on supplemental drugs, which is far from the real approach. Vaccines for dengue disease are in various stages of development. The commercial formulation Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV) is accessible and developed by Sanofi Pasteur. The vaccine candidate Dengvaxia was inefficient in liberating a stabilized immune reaction toward different serotypes (1–4) of dengue fever. Numerous promising vaccine candidates are now being developed in preclinical and clinical stages even though different serotypes of DENV exist that worsen the situation for a vaccine to be equally effective for all serotypes. Thus, the development of an efficient dengue fever vaccine candidate requires time. Effective dengue fever management can be a multidisciplinary challenge, involving international cooperation from diverse perspectives and expertise to resolve this global concern.

Unveiling a Shield of Hope: A Novel Multiepitope-Based Immunogen for Cross-Serotype Cellular Defense against Dengue Virus

“…We selected the structural protein (E protein) as the CTL epitope source of our vaccine design because of its antigenic abundance in native viral infection [ 44 ]. Recent recombinant preclinical vaccines that are designed to elicit a humoral response have shown poor immunogenicity for the DENV E protein [ 21 , 45 , 46 ]. Additionally, studies indicate variability in CD8 + T cell responses among different serotypes, with responses tuned to non-structural proteins for serotype 1, 2, and 4, and to both structural and non-structural proteins for serotype 3 [ 21 ].…”

Epidemiological contemplation for a currently pragmatic COVID-19 health passport: a perspective

“…The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine is repurposed to stimulate the immune system. cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory disease, hypertension, and cancer; notably, lifestyle factors such as smoking and obesity are associated with adverse outcomes (30).…”

Dengue as a Disease Threatening Global Health: A Narrative Review Focusing on Latin America and Brazil

“…The treatment of dengue is considered a major challenge, since dengue virus-specific antivirals are not available, and the approved vaccines have recently received the release for use or have important limitations [ 33 ]. The first vaccine approved for use was the Dengvaxia vaccine (also known as CYD-TDV), developed by the French company Sanofi Pasteur [ 34 ]. Dengvaxia is a vaccine based on live-attenuated and tetravalent technology, whereby each of the four dengue virus serotypes was obtained separately by recombinant DNA technology and then combined with the attenuated yellow fever vaccine virus [ 23 ].…”

“…In 2022, the vaccine TAK-003 (trade name QDENGA ® ) was approved by the Indonesia National Agency for Drug and Food Control and the European health authority, and subsequently, the same decision was given by the UK’s Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency and the National Health Surveillance Agency in Brazil [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. The TAK-003 vaccine is based on live-attenuated technology with a tetravalent property, since it has four DENV strains based on a DENV-2 backbone [ 34 ]. After 19 clinical trials (considering phases I, II, and III) conducted especially in dengue-endemic regions (such as Latin American and Asian countries), the vaccine demonstrated a safe and effective profile in individuals between 4 and 60 years of age to prevent dengue (preventing 80.2% of symptomatic dengue cases 12 months after vaccination), including the need for hospitalization (preventing 90.4% of hospitalizations 18 months after vaccination) [ 40 , 41 ].…”