Preparatory set variables related to classical conditioning of autonomic responses.

Grings, William W.

doi:10.1037/h0046852

Cited by 119 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Similar GSR data have been reported by Grings (1960) working with the "perceptual disparity response." How-ever, in terms of orienting response neuronal model theory, Russian authors have primarily stressed a "quantity-of-change" bias in the model's function as a selective nIter; i.e., more change yields more OR and a more reliable facilitation of perception (Sokolov, 1960).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

The orienting response and direction of stimulus change

Bernstein

1968

Psychon Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

The orienting response and direction of stimulus change

Bernstein

1968

Psychon Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…It is seen when improper or modified signaling occurs and involves what have been called perceptual disparity situations. In early published discussions the following operational definition of a perceptual disparity response has been used: it is the difference in magnitude of response between situations where the signal preceding stimulation is in accord with past experiences and where the signal preceding stimulation is not in accord with past experience (Grings, 1960).…”

Section: Fig 4 Ratings Of Ucs (Noise) Intensity When That Stimulus mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticipatory and Preparatory Electrodermal Behavior in Paired Stimulation Situations

Grings

1969

Psychophysiology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The ability to anticipate stimulation is an important attribute of organismic behavior. Responses given in anticipation of subsequent events may increase the efficiency of reaction when these events occur. By means of anticipatory responses the organism prepares to take action appropriate to the requirements of his environment. The present discussion emphasizes anticipatory behavior that becomes manifest through the electrodermal system and which is assumed to accompany the development of preparatory responses.A simple observational situation will be used: that in which one stimulus is followed by a second stimulus, and the first stimulus has the role of signaling the likely occurrence of the second stimulus. A stimulus comes on and, after a period of time, a second stimulus follows. Under some circumstances the first stimulus stays on until the appearance of the second stimulus. In other circumstances the first stimulus goes off prior to the onset of the second stimulus. There are ample

show abstract

“…If the reaction (or more likely the lack of one) is compared with the vigorous blink that occurs when a friend delivers the tap, it becomes clear that the act of selfpresenting a stimulus can somehow exert powerful inhibitory control over the reaction that is elicited. The research reported here was designed to examine the motor and cognitive factors that might be responsible for this effect.Previous investigators have noted that if strong aversive stimuli are either self-presented or forewarned, they are often reported as seeming weaker than when the same stimuli are presented unexpectedly (Bjorkstrand, 1973;Grings, 1960;Haggard, 1943;Maltzman & Wolff, 1970;Staub, Tursky, & Schwartz, 1971). Lykken and Tellegen (1974) have proposed that this form of "negative perception" implies that subjects can selectively tune the appropriate afferent system in anticipation of a stimulus and that when the stimulus is aversive the effect is to attenuate its perceived impact.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor and cognitive factors in the modification of a reflex

Cohen

Cranney

Hoffman

1983

Perception & Psychophysics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

By closing a hand-held switch, subjects caused a miniature solenoid to deliver a tap to their own foreheads.(1) The amplitude of elicited eyeblinks was reduced when the delay between switch closure and tap was 60 msec or less. (2) Subjects who expected that switch closure would produce an immediate tap exhibited smaller blinks to such taps than did subjects who expected switch closure to produce a delayed tap. (3) The inhibitory effects of a reflex-modifying tone prior to tap were the same when taps were self-presented as when they were presented by the experimenter. (4) When blinks could be elicited by either a tap or a loud noise, the smallest responses occurred when subjects knew which to expect. (6) On a given trial, the inhibition afforded by the particular stimulus, motor, and cognitive factors operating at the time tended to add in an algebraic fashion.When a mild, sensory event, such as a weak tone or a dim light flash, precedes a reflex-eliciting signal by an appropriate interval, the reaction is often reduced. This reflex-modification effect has broad generality. It occurs in amphibians (Yerkes, 1905), birds (Stitt, Hoffman, Marsh, & Schwartz, 1976), and mammals, including man (Hoffman & Ison, 1980). Moreover, it occurs with a variety of reflexes and with a variety of reflex-eliciting and reflex-modifying signals. When, for example, a barely audible tone is presented 100 msec before delivery of an abrupt tap to a subject's glabella (the flattened region of skin between the eyebrows), the eyeblink that the tap ordinarily elicits either fails to occur or occurs with greatly diminished amplitude. The effect does not depend upon learning. It occurs the first time the tone precedes the tap. Nor does the effect depend upon the subject's motor and/or cognitive activity at the time the reflex is elicited. Reflex modification has been assessed while subjects were sleeping (Silverstein & Graham, 1979), while they were reading (Dykman & Ison, 1979), and while they were watching a slide show (Hoffman, Cohen, & Stitt, 1981). This is not to say that motor and/or cognitive processes have no role in the reflex-modification effect. On the contrary, one can easily observe a form of reflex modification which is at least as powerful as that exerted by a properly presented exteroceptive stimulus but which depends critically upon a subject's motor and/or cognitive activities. To do so, This research was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant HD 10Sll. Requests for reprints should be sent to Howard S. Hoffman, Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010. We wish to thank Laura H. Daruns for suggesting the research strategy employed in Experiment4. one need only to try to elicit an eyeblink in oneself by tapping one's own glabella with a forefinger. If the reaction (or more likely the lack of one) is compared with the vigorous blink that occurs when a friend delivers the tap, it becomes clear that the act of selfpresenting a stimulus can somehow exert powerful inhibitory control o...

show abstract

Preparatory set variables related to classical conditioning of autonomic responses.

Cited by 119 publications

References 14 publications

The orienting response and direction of stimulus change

The orienting response and direction of stimulus change

Anticipatory and Preparatory Electrodermal Behavior in Paired Stimulation Situations

Motor and cognitive factors in the modification of a reflex

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About