Preparative mass‐spectrometry profiling of minor concentrated metabolites in Salicornia gaudichaudiana Moq by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography and off‐line electrospray mass‐spectrometry injection

Abstract

Salicornia species have just been introduced to the European market as a vegetable named ‘samphire’, ‘green asparagus’, or ‘sea asparagus’. Due to its increasing attention, and associated value, minor compounds of Salicornia gaudichaudiana Moq were investigated. The use of countercurrent chromatography and mass spectrometry enabled the search for known, as well as potentially novel natural products. Their identification was achieved based on molecular weights and mass‐spectrometric fragmentation data. Low detection limits enabled the visualization of all compounds with their identification in almost real time close to the preparative countercurrent chromatography experiment. A list of known natural products from Salicornia genus guided the identification process of compounds occurring in Salicornia gaudichaudiana Moq by tandem mass spectrometry fragment comparison. The natural product classes were divided into four groups: chlorogenic acid derivatives; flavonoid derivatives; pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins; and other compounds.

Assessment of the Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Properties of Salicornia europaea for the Prevention of TAFLD in Rats

“…In particular, quercetin 3-O-glucoside was the second most represented phenolic compound in both young and old leaves, albeit in the early stage its amount was more than double compared to the latter (154.33 vs. 61.99 µg/g DW, respectively). Comparable results in phenolic compounds profiling were observed in other studies on fresh, oven-dried, and freeze-dried extracts of Salicornia ramosissima [55], Salicornia patula [56], and Salicornia gaudichaudiana [57]. Thanks to its phytochemical composition, Salicornia can promote health by influencing glucose and lipid metabolism and protecting against damage from ROS [58].…”

Laguncularia racemosa Phenolics Profiling by Three-Phase Solvent System Step-Gradient Using High-Performance Countercurrent Chromatography with Off-Line Electrospray Mass-Spectrometry Detection

“…The results displayed in a single data file are ready to use and not mutiple analysis sets need to be compared for guiding the decisions in fractionation process. This powerful approach was previously applied by Costa et al [8] on the complex metabolite mixture extracted from the Brazilian plant Salicornia gaudichiana.…”

“…The flavonoid-O-substituted characteristically exhibited the neutral loss [34] Aglycones apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin and tricin were previously reported in L. racemosa [8,26] in addition to the glycosylated derivatives quercetin-3-O-arabinoside and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside [24]. Not fully identified derivatives could be distinguished by observed aglycone fragment ions in MS/MS.…”

“…CCC is a powerful tool in the phytochemical working field as it enables plant extract fractionation with existing major compounds and also isolation or fortification of minor compounds [5,6]. This characteristic is even more noticeable when semi-preparative and preparative scales are employed [7,8]. Standard CCC separation experiments do not provide the full flexibility, solely operating with a two-phase solvent system, and the isocratic elution-extrusion mode [9,10].…”

Nontargeted Screening for Flavonoids in Salicornia Plant by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Orbitrap Data-Dependent MS2/MS3

“…The emergence of a structure-based fragment triggering method offers perspectives for compounds’ annotation and discovery by means of their fragmentation patterns [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. The objective of this work was to develop a nontargeted HRAM MS n approach for a comprehensive flavonoid profiling in a marine plant, Salicornia europaea , based on the definition of flavonoid class-specific fragment ions and neutral losses.…”