Preparative and Biosynthetic Insights Into pdA2E and isopdA2E, Retinal-Derived Fluorophores of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Lipofuscin

Abstract

Our results facilitate the understanding of compositions and biosynthetic pathways of adverse RPE lipofuscin.

Potential Therapeutic Agents Against Retinal Diseases Caused by Aberrant Metabolism of Retinoids

“…and its isomers, all-trans-retinal dimer, A2-DHP-PE, A2-GPE, and pdA2E and its isomer, have been isolated and identified structurally. 32,46,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] Because of their relatively high physiological significance, the in vitro cytotoxicity and phototoxicity of A2E have been extensively investigated. [59][60][61][62][63][64] It is of note that retinal-derived lipofuscin fluorophores accumulate to a less extent in eyes of wild-type mice than Abca4 gene knockout mice.…”

Aberrant Buildup of All-Trans-Retinal Dimer, a Nonpyridinium Bisretinoid Lipofuscin Fluorophore, Contributes to the Degeneration of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

“…1B), 14 A2-DHP-PE, 15 pdA2E, 16 and isopdA2E. 17 In all of these pigments, the most intense and extensive studies are directed to A2E due to its abundance and typical age-dependent accumulation in humans, 18 and C57BL/ 6J and BALB/cByJ wild-type (WT) mice. 15 Previous studies have indicated that Abca4 À/À Rdh8 À/À double-knockout (DKO) mice reproduce the main features of human AMD in a rodent model.…”