Preparation, Optimization, and Characterization of Natural Apple Essence‐Loaded Liposomes

Abstract

Natural apple essence has been utilized as a flavor enhancer in food and other products, but the aroma components are highly volatile, limiting its applications. In this study, apple essence‐loaded liposomes (AEL) were prepared by an ultrasonic thin‐film evaporation method to enhance the stability of apple essence. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of cholesterol to lecithin ratio, apple essence concentration, and ultrasonic power on apple essence entrapment quantity in liposomes. The optimum AEL formula was identified as 0.2% of lecithin, 0.1237 of cholesterol to lecithin (w/w) ratio, 8.3% of apple essence, and 77 W of ultrasonic power with resulting essence encapsulation efficiency of 51.5%. The optimized AEL was characterized on particle size, morphology, and stability. The spherical AEL particles had an average diameter of 301.5 nm and displayed stable size distribution at 4 °C within 120 days. This study demonstrated that liposomes had a bright prospect for microencapsulation and stabilization of apple essence, and the stabilized AEL might provide new application opportunities in food and other industries. Practical Application Natural apple essence is widely accepted as a flavor enhancer, but its application is restricted due to high volatility. Liposomes are delivery systems to encapsulate functional ingredients and to enhance their bioactivity and stability. Liposomes using lecithin and cholesterol as wall materials were prepared by ultrasonic thin‐film evaporation method and effectively encapsulated apple essence in the present study. The optimized apple essence‐loaded liposomes (AEL) possessed favorable dispersing property and storability, and might be used as a flavor enhancer or functional component for food and other products for improving organoleptic quality and increasing the value of the product.

Characterization of fortified pasteurized cow milk with nanoliposome loaded with skipjack tuna eyeball oil

“…Amplitude (60–80%) and time (5–15 min) of ultrasonication had no profound effect on EE (96.82–97.07%) of prepared STEO‐NL samples. However, the increasing ultrasonic power from 30 to 90 W increased the entrapment quantity from 440 to 749 ng of natural apple essence loaded in liposomes (Sun et al ., 2019). This might be due to the differences in the nature of core component loaded in liposome.…”

Solubility Enhancement, Formulation Development, and Antibacterial Activity of Xanthan-Gum-Stabilized Colloidal Gold Nanogel of Hesperidin against Proteus vulgaris

“…This will allow researchers to solve the existing limitations of the formulation by applying various nanotechnology/nanomaterial-based approaches [ 18 , 19 ]. Various nanocarriers such as lipid-based nanocarriers [ 20 ], solid lipids [ 21 ], liposomes [ 22 ], niosomes [ 23 ], and metal nanoparticles [ 24 ] have been reported to solve the problems related to low water solubility and bioavailability of therapeutic compounds.…”

Revisión del estado actual de las formulaciones y aplicaciones de astaxantina producida por Haematococcus pluvialis

“…Como es evidente estos fosfolípidos representan los principales bloques de construcción de los liposomas (Ajeeshkumar et al, 2021). Por un lado, se recomienda utilizar lecitina de soja en este tipo de formulación, debido a que se considera más segura, económica, y estable desde el punto de vista de la producción (Le et al, 2019) y, por otro lado, es aconsejable el uso del colesterol, debido a que podría aumentar el empaquetamiento de lecitina, reducir la fuga de liposomas y disminuir la agregación de los mismos (Sun et al, 2019).…”

“…Como los liposomas presentan una eficiencia de encapsulación alrededor del 98%, se puede concluir que estos al utilizar materiales de producción económicos y amigables con el medio ambiente, han atraído una atención creciente en la industria, y han sido ampliamente utilizados para la encapsulación de fármacos, componentes bioactivos, enzimas, y sustancias antimicrobianas (Sun et al, 2019). Así mismo, cabe mencionar que, representan una de las mejores alternativas para para servir como vehículos de compuestos bioactivos como la astaxantina en sistemas de administración exitosos (Ajeeshkumar et al, 2021).…”