Preparation of Zirconium Metal by the Electrochemical Reduction of Zirconium Oxide

Abdelkader, Amr M.; Daher, A. M.; Abdelkareem, Randa A.; El-Kashif, Emad

doi:10.1007/s11663-006-9016-z

Cited by 52 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…By the Fray-Farthing-Chen (FFC) Cambridge process, Ti, [6] Cr, [7] Si, [8] Cu, [9] Al, B, Fe, V, Nb, U, Nd, Zr, Hf, Ce, and Ni [10][11][12][13] have already been produced in laboratory experiments. In addition, Dring et al [14] and Bhagat et al [15] have reported that Ti-W alloys were produced via electrochemical reduction of TiO 2 -WO 3 mixed oxide preforms in molten calcium chloride electrolyte at 1173 K (900°C).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Reduction of Tungsten Compounds to Produce Tungsten Powder

Erdogan

Karakaya

2010

Metall Mater Trans B

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The production of tungsten by direct current reduction has been investigated. Experimental studies involved the electrochemical reduction of the solid tungsten compounds tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) and calcium tungstate (CaWO 4 ) in the form of an assembled cathode of porous pellets attached to a current collector. Molten calcium chloride and a molten solution of calcium chloride and sodium chloride at eutectic composition, 48 pct mol NaCl, were used as the electrolytes. Reduced samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction analyses and scanning electron microscopy. The results of X-ray analyses, supported with thermodynamic computations, showed that WO 3 cannot be used without loss in processes that involve the use of CaCl 2 at high temperatures because it reacts with CaCl 2 by releasing volatile tungsten oxychloride. In the electrochemical reduction of CaWO 4 , X-ray diffraction results indicated the presence of tungsten with significant concentrations of calcium compounds. Metallic tungsten was obtained after treating the reduced samples with dilute hydrochloric acid solutions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Reduction of Tungsten Compounds to Produce Tungsten Powder

Erdogan

Karakaya

2010

Metall Mater Trans B

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“…An electrochemical process that is capable of producing zirconium metal in a consolidated form and that is also devoid of the problems associated with the metallothermic reduction is, hence, desirable. AbdelKader et al [8] reported a process for reducing zirconium dioxide powder in the presence of electrochemically produced calcium metal in a molten calcium chloride medium. Another possibility is the electrodeoxidation of solid zirconium dioxide in molten salt medium, which is reported in this article.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Deoxidation of Solid Zirconium Dioxide in Molten Calcium Chloride

Mohandas

Fray

2009

Metall Mater Trans B

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The reduction of zirconium dioxide pellets by electro-deoxidation in molten calcium chloridecalcium oxide (900°C) has been studied. In this technique, the solid oxide is cathodically polarized against a graphite counter electrode under a constant applied potential. Unlike other metal oxides that have been reduced by this technique, only a small area around the cathodic current-collector wire was reduced to zirconium metal with zirconia pellets sintered at~1100°C; the rest of the sample was largely calcium zirconate. Pellets sintered above 1200°C showed better reduction near the cathode wire and the reduction extended to the entire surface of the pellet with the passage of time. However, reduction of the inner core was found to be increasingly difficult, because the surface metal layer thickened on continuous electrodeoxidation. An analysis of the experimental results showed that the poor electrical conductivity of the intermediate compound, CaZrO 3 and its blocky morphology inhibited the electrodeoxidation process. The increase in the sintering temperature of the pellet made it better conducting. However, the pores formed in the thick zirconium metal layer in such samples were too small for an ideal contact between the inner core and the molten electrolyte and hence the reduction of the inner core remained incomplete. Within the scope of this study, it is concluded that preforms with good grain growth and porosity are necessary for the electro-deoxidation of solid zirconium oxide.

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“…The amount of salt used in the process maybe small because oxide ions don't accumulate in the salt bath [7]. The simple electrochemical process attracted worldwide attention and significant efforts have been made since then to study and develop the process for production of many metals/alloys from their oxides, for example, electrochemical reduction of ZrO2 [8], HfO2 and niobia-doped HfO2 [9], CeO2 [10], V2O5 [11], Cr2O3 [12], UO2 [13], Fe2O3 [14], Ta2O5 [15], UO2-PuO2 mixed oxides [16], Al2O3 [17], SiO2 [18,19], WO2 [20] and the production of Ti-Mo alloys [21], Ti-W alloys [22], TiFe Alloys [23], NiTi [24], NbSi alloys [25] and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of Indium and Tin from Molten Chloride Electrolytes

2017

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The electrochemical behaviour of ITO (indium oxide combined with 10 percent tin oxide) was studied in molten LiCl-KCl at 450 °C. The direct de-oxidation of ITO were investigated by using different electrodes such as Mo wire and liquid zinc. An ITO covered glass electrode has been investigated by electrochemical means in molten LiCl-KCl at 450 °C using Mo wire current collector. The findings, together with SEM and EDX analyses, confirmed ITO layer has been reduced.

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Preparation of Zirconium Metal by the Electrochemical Reduction of Zirconium Oxide

Cited by 52 publications

References 20 publications

Electrochemical Reduction of Tungsten Compounds to Produce Tungsten Powder

Electrochemical Reduction of Tungsten Compounds to Produce Tungsten Powder

Electrochemical Deoxidation of Solid Zirconium Dioxide in Molten Calcium Chloride

Electrodeposition of Indium and Tin from Molten Chloride Electrolytes

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