Preparation of the hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene crosslinked sodium alginate polymer/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite powder for the removal of the cationic dyes
“…Sodium alginate (SA) is a binary heteropolymer derived from brown algae or sargasso, consisting of a linear arrangement of blocks composed of 1,4-linked α-L-guluronic acid (G-block) and β-D-mannuronic acid (M-block) units in pyranose form, and was selected as a type of bioadsorption substrate [11,12]. It has been reported as a superior compound that can form a gel by crosslinking with divalent or polyvalent calcium ions to induce the formation of ionotropic metal-alginate complexes [11][12][13]. The utilization of sodium alginate makes the remediation process eco-friendlier because it is edible, biodegradable and has renewable properties that can be found abundantly in nature [14,15].…”
Water pollution issues, particularly those caused by heavy metal ions, have been significantly growing. This paper combined biopolymers such as sodium alginate (SA) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to improve adsorption performance with the help of calcium ion as the cross-linked agent. Moreover, the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the hybrid hydrogel matrix was examined. The adsorption of nickel(II) was thoroughly compared between pristine sodium alginate/β-cyclodextrin (SA-β-CD) and sodium alginate/β-cyclodextrin immobilized carbon nanotubes (SA-β-CD/CNTs) hydrogel. Both hydrogels were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectral analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The results showed SA-β-CD/CNTs hydrogel exhibits excellent thermal stability, high specific surface area and large porosity compared with SA-β-CD hydrogel. Batch experiments were performed to study the effect of several adsorptive variables such as initial concentration, pH, contact time and temperature. The adsorption performance of the prepared SA-β-CD/CNTs hydrogel was comprehensively reported with maximum percentage removal of up to 79.86% for SA-β-CD/CNTs and 69.54% for SA-β-CD. The optimum adsorption conditions were reported when the concentration of Ni(II) solution was maintained at 100 ppm, pH 5, 303 K, and contacted for 120 min with a 1000 mg dosage. The Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model are the best fits to describe the adsorption behavior. A thermodynamic study was also performed. The probable interaction mechanisms that enable the successful binding of Ni(II) on hydrogels, including electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, surface complexation, coordination binding and host–guest interaction between the cationic sites of Ni(II) on both SA-β-CD and SA-β-CD/CNTs hydrogel during the adsorption process, were discussed. The regeneration study also revealed the high efficiency of SA-β-CD/CNTs hydrogel on four successive cycles compared with SA-β-CD hydrogel. Therefore, this work signifies SA-β-CD/CNTs hydrogel has great potential to remove Ni(II) from an aqueous environment compared with SA-β-CD hydrogel.
“…Sodium alginate (SA) is a binary heteropolymer derived from brown algae or sargasso, consisting of a linear arrangement of blocks composed of 1,4-linked α-L-guluronic acid (G-block) and β-D-mannuronic acid (M-block) units in pyranose form, and was selected as a type of bioadsorption substrate [11,12]. It has been reported as a superior compound that can form a gel by crosslinking with divalent or polyvalent calcium ions to induce the formation of ionotropic metal-alginate complexes [11][12][13]. The utilization of sodium alginate makes the remediation process eco-friendlier because it is edible, biodegradable and has renewable properties that can be found abundantly in nature [14,15].…”
Water pollution issues, particularly those caused by heavy metal ions, have been significantly growing. This paper combined biopolymers such as sodium alginate (SA) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to improve adsorption performance with the help of calcium ion as the cross-linked agent. Moreover, the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the hybrid hydrogel matrix was examined. The adsorption of nickel(II) was thoroughly compared between pristine sodium alginate/β-cyclodextrin (SA-β-CD) and sodium alginate/β-cyclodextrin immobilized carbon nanotubes (SA-β-CD/CNTs) hydrogel. Both hydrogels were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectral analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The results showed SA-β-CD/CNTs hydrogel exhibits excellent thermal stability, high specific surface area and large porosity compared with SA-β-CD hydrogel. Batch experiments were performed to study the effect of several adsorptive variables such as initial concentration, pH, contact time and temperature. The adsorption performance of the prepared SA-β-CD/CNTs hydrogel was comprehensively reported with maximum percentage removal of up to 79.86% for SA-β-CD/CNTs and 69.54% for SA-β-CD. The optimum adsorption conditions were reported when the concentration of Ni(II) solution was maintained at 100 ppm, pH 5, 303 K, and contacted for 120 min with a 1000 mg dosage. The Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model are the best fits to describe the adsorption behavior. A thermodynamic study was also performed. The probable interaction mechanisms that enable the successful binding of Ni(II) on hydrogels, including electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, surface complexation, coordination binding and host–guest interaction between the cationic sites of Ni(II) on both SA-β-CD and SA-β-CD/CNTs hydrogel during the adsorption process, were discussed. The regeneration study also revealed the high efficiency of SA-β-CD/CNTs hydrogel on four successive cycles compared with SA-β-CD hydrogel. Therefore, this work signifies SA-β-CD/CNTs hydrogel has great potential to remove Ni(II) from an aqueous environment compared with SA-β-CD hydrogel.
Malachite green (MG) is used for the dyeing of cotton, paper, and jute, among other materials, and presents acute toxicity to a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial animals. A polyacrylamide (PA) hydrogel modi ed with a low content of oxygenated and aminated carbon nanomaterials may be a suitable candidate to adsorb MG from wastewater. Herein, modi ed graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were incorporated during the in situ polymerization of PAM. The swelling and adsorption capacity were investigated to explore the in uences of different carbon dimensionalities (1D and 2D), zeta potentials and nano ller concentrations on the adsorption behavior of the hydrogel. There was an increase of approximately 1,500% in the adsorption capacity after 24 h of exposure of a hydrogel with graphene oxide (GO) at 0.25 wt% with respect to the neat PA. Aminated graphene produced similar gains in the adsorption capacity of the GO-hydrogel, although it presents a positive zeta potential that is the opposite of that of GO. The modi ed CNTs showed smaller gains in the adsorption capacity, reaching a maximum 400% increase with respect to the PA hydrogel. The main factors that seem to affect the adsorption capacity were the dimensionality and degree of functionalization. The graphene-based nano llers were 3 to 4 times more functionalized than the nanotubes. The adsorption results were adjusted with a pseudosecond order kinetic model that allowed a complementary discussion about the nature of the physicochemical effects on the process of MG adsorption in the hydrogel nanocomposites.
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