Preparation of Supported Nanosized Sulfated Zirconia by Strontia and Assessment of Its Activities in the Esterification of Oleic Acid

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine a new nanocatalyst of SrO/S-ZrO 2 in esterification reaction and the optimum value of strontia loading over the sulfated zirconia. The sulfated zirconia was supported with different molar ratios of strontia in the range of 0.0-0.30, using the solvent-free method. The samples were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, BET and TEM analysis and their activity were investigated in esterification reaction of oleic acid. The findings of this study revealed that 25 mol % SrO/S-ZrO 2 had the highest yield in the esterification reaction. It was also concluded that strontia-supported sulfated zirconia could improve the low reusability of the catalyst. Furthermore, 95 % conversion was also obtained at optimized conditions (i.e., 100 °C, 2 wt. % of catalyst, 6:1 molar ratio of methanol/oleic acid and for a period of 30 minutes).

Synthesis of Ti(SO 4 )O solid acid nano-catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from used cooking oil

“…Additionally, a longer reaction time (after 6 hours) resulted in slowly reduced production yield, possibly due to increasing the probability of pushing the reverse reaction. Similar results has been reported by Nayebzadeh [29] where a further increase in esterification reaction time resulted in a production yield decrease. 600RPM agitation rate, 0.14% moisture content, and 2.034 mass% free fatty acid.…”

“…Several synthetic routes were applied for the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts including sol-gel [24][25][26][27], solvent-free [28,29] and hydrothermal methods [30][31][32][33]. Examples of heterogeneous catalysts include SO /TiO2 [30,[34][35][36][37],, SO /TiO2-SiO2 [38][39][40][41], SrO/SO -ZrO2 [29], SO /ZrO2 [17,[42][43][44], SO /TiO2-ZrO2 [45] and SO /SnO2 [17,46], which were considered for a good catalytic activity for the raw materials containing large amounts of FFA in biodiesel production. Among these, sulphated doped TiO2 is a good example of a solid super-acidic catalyst which is also used in the petrochemical industry and petroleum refining process [24,47] and showed better performances as compared to other sulphated metal oxides.…”

Application of microwave irradiation for fabrication of sulfated ZrO2–Al2O3 nanocomposite via combustion method for esterification reaction: process condition evaluation

“…Esterification reactions were performed under batch reaction conditions using an 80-mL stainless steel reactor with a thermometer (Type K) and a barometer. The reaction was performed at 150° for the catalysts without sulfate groups due to their lower activity and at lower temperatures for sulfated catalyst [10,11]. The other conditions were set as 9 molar ratio of fatty acid to methanol, 4 h reaction time, and 3 weight percent (wt%) of the catalyst.…”

“…Therefore, several studies have been conducted on sulfated zirconia (SZ) for the production of biodiesel [6][7][8]. However, SZ is easily deactivated by losing sulfur groups [9,10]. Although some researchers have reported that supporting SZ by transition metals can substantially enhance the performance of the catalyst, serious concerns still remain about its long-term stability and/or regenerability [11,12].…”

Influence of calcination temperature on the activity of mesoporous CaO/TiO2–ZrO2 catalyst in the esterification reaction

“…The weak peaks at 920 and 1080 cm −1 can be corresponding to stretching vibration bonds of Zr-O and Zr=O, respectively [9,40]. The weak band at 1100-1200 cm −1 represents M-OH deformation (where M represents Ca, Zr or Ti metal ions) [41]. With increasing calcination temperature up to 400 °C, the peaks at 1300-1400 cm −1 which were assigned to the asymmetric and strong stretching vibrations of NO 3 ions disappeared, providing additional evidence for transformation of the sample from amorphous to crystal form and higher activity of calcined catalysts over 300 °C.…”