Preparation of Nitrocellulose by Homogeneous Esterification of Cellulose Based on Ionic Liquids

Duan, Xikai; li, zhaoqian; Wu, Bo; Shen, Juan; Pei, Chonghua

doi:10.1002/prep.202200186

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The DTA curves of the cellulose samples ( Figure 3 c) showed that the decomposition endothermic peak corresponds to a temperature range from 357 °C to 371 °C, with a weight loss of the samples up to 88.6–90.7%, confirming their purity. These results are consistent with the findings of a study on cellulose derived from bitter bamboo stems [ 87 ], which showed the superior thermal stability of cellulose from Giant Miscanthus .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The above findings indicate that the obtained CN samples are chemically pure, high-energy biopolymers. Comparing the obtained TGA/DTA data for the CN synthesized from Giant Miscanthus cellulose with those for the CNs derived from cotton [ 87 , 88 ], giant reed [ 9 , 19 ], brown algae [ 22 ], and bitter bamboo stems [ 21 ], indicates their close correspondence. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that all CN samples exhibit high specific decomposition heats ranging from 6.53–8.28 kJ/g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The peaks of stretch vibrations in this region belong to the hydroxyl groups of the CN, which participate in hydrogen bonding and are a characteristic feature of the chemical heterogeneity of the ester. Identical functional groups are observed in the FTIR spectra of CN derived from other alternative plant-based raw materials [ 9 , 22 , 25 , 87 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous Production of Cellulose Nitrates and Bacterial Cellulose from Lignocellulose of Energy Crop

Kashcheyeva,

Korchagina,

Gismatulina

et al. 2023

Polymers

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This study is focused on exploring the feasibility of simultaneously producing the two products, cellulose nitrates (CNs) and bacterial cellulose (BC), from Miscanthus × giganteus. The starting cellulose for them was isolated by successive treatments of the feedstock with HNO3 and NaOH solutions. The cellulose was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis for 2, 8, and 24 h. The cellulose samples after the hydrolysis were distinct in structure from the starting sample (degree of polymerization (DP) 1770, degree of crystallinity (DC) 64%) and between each other (DP 1510–1760, DC 72–75%). The nitration showed that these samples and the starting cellulose could successfully be nitrated to furnish acetone-soluble CNs. Extending the hydrolysis time from 2 h to 24 h led to an enhanced yield of CNs from 116 to 131%, with the nitrogen content and the viscosity of the CN samples increasing from 11.35 to 11.83% and from 94 to 119 mPa·s, respectively. The SEM analysis demonstrated that CNs retained the fiber shape. The IR spectroscopy confirmed that the synthesized material was specifically CNs, as evidenced by the characteristic frequencies of 1657–1659, 1277, 832–833, 747, and 688–690 cm−1. Nutrient media derived from the hydrolyzates obtained in 8 h and 24 h were of good quality for the synthesis of BC, with yields of 11.1% and 9.6%, respectively. The BC samples had a reticulate structure made of interlaced microfibrils with 65 and 81 nm widths and DPs of 2100 and 2300, respectively. It is for the first time that such an approach for the simultaneous production of CNs and BC has been employed.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous Production of Cellulose Nitrates and Bacterial Cellulose from Lignocellulose of Energy Crop

Kashcheyeva,

Korchagina,

Gismatulina

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…The characteristic absorption peak at 826 cm À 1 , 747 cm À 1 and 676 cm À 1 can be attributed to the scissor vibration, asymmetric deformation, and symmetrical deformation of the -O-NO 2 [39,40]. The stretching vibration peak of the -CH bonds appeared at about 2909 cm À 1 for NC [40,41]. The weak characteristic absorption peak at about 3581 cm À 1 was attributed to the stretching vibration of the linked À OH in the NC [40],…”

Section: Structural Analyses and Morphologymentioning

confidence: 96%

Hygroscopicity of nitrocellulose with different nitrogen content

Cao,

Nan,

Zheng

et al. 2024

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Research on the hygroscopic behavior of NC is essential because it affects the mechanical properties, combustion properties, and safe storage of NC‐based products. In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to characterize the chemical structure, crystal structure, and microscopic morphology of NC, respectively. The moisture adsorption isotherms of NC fibers with different nitrogen content are determined by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) and fitted with Hailwood‐Horrobin (H−H) and Guggenheim‐Anderson‐de Boer (GAB) models. The specific surface area and surface energy of NC are also measured by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The results show that as the nitrogen content of NC increases, the intensity of the −OH characteristic absorption peak is weakened, the crystallinity does not change much, the number of cracks and pores on the NC fiber surface increases, and the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of the NC decreases in general. In addition, the fitting results based on the H−H and GAB models show that, under low humidity conditions, the EMC value of NC is determined by the adsorbed water content of the monolayer, which is mainly related to the −OH content in NC. However, with the increase of humidity, the EMC value of NC is gradually determined by the multilayer adsorbed water content, which is influenced by both the nitrogen content and the fiber cleavage structure. Meanwhile, the IGC results show that the surface energy of the NC consists mainly of the dispersive surface energy (values >46 mJ m−2), with the specific surface energy contributing approximately 25 mJ m−2. The total surface energy of NC and the bonding strength between NC molecules and water molecules decrease with increasing nitrogen content.

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“…Cellulose nitrates (CNs) are known as a universal, commonly used, inflammable, hydrophobic, and plastic polymer [1] with numerous applications such as the fabrication of membranes [2], biosensors [3], paints and lacquers, filters, plastics, rocket propellants, propellants, and energetic materials [1,[4][5][6][7]. The global market of CNs was estimated to be worth USD 0.86 billion in 2021 and is expected to arrive at USD 1.39 billion by 2030 [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose Nitrates-Blended Composites from Bacterial and Plant-Based Celluloses

Gismatulina,

Budaeva

2024

Polymers

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Cellulose nitrates (CNs)-blended composites based on celluloses of bacterial origin (bacterial cellulose (BC)) and plant origin (oat-hull cellulose (OHC)) were synthesized in this study for the first time. Novel CNs-blended composites made of bacterial and plant-based celluloses with different BC-to-OHC mass ratios of 70/30, 50/50, and 30/70 were developed and fully characterized, and two methods were employed to nitrate the initial BC and OHC, and the three cellulose blends: the first method involved the use of sulfuric–nitric mixed acids (MAs), while the second method utilized concentrated nitric acid in the presence of methylene chloride (NA + MC). The CNs obtained using these two nitration methods were found to differ between each other, most notably, in viscosity: the samples nitrated with NA + MC had an extremely high viscosity of 927 mPa·s through to the formation of an immobile transparent acetonogel. Irrespective of the nitration method, the CN from BC (CN BC) was found to exhibit a higher nitrogen content than the CN from OHC (CN OHC), 12.20–12.32% vs. 11.58–11.60%, respectively. For the starting BC itself, all the cellulose blends of the starting celluloses and their CNs were detected using the SEM technique to have a reticulate fiber nanostructure. The cellulose samples and their CNs were detected using the IR spectroscopy to have basic functional groups. TGA/DTA analyses of the starting cellulose samples and the CNs therefrom demonstrated that the synthesized CN samples were of high purity and had high specific heats of decomposition at 6.14–7.13 kJ/g, corroborating their energy density. The CN BC is an excellent component with in-demand energetic performance; in particular, it has a higher nitrogen content while having a stable nanostructure. The CN BC was discovered to have a positive impact on the stability, structure, and energetic characteristics of the composites. The presence of CN OHC can make CNs-blended composites cheaper. These new CNs-blended composites made of bacterial and plant celluloses are much-needed in advanced, high-performance energetic materials.

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Preparation of Nitrocellulose by Homogeneous Esterification of Cellulose Based on Ionic Liquids

Cited by 9 publications

References 45 publications

Simultaneous Production of Cellulose Nitrates and Bacterial Cellulose from Lignocellulose of Energy Crop

Simultaneous Production of Cellulose Nitrates and Bacterial Cellulose from Lignocellulose of Energy Crop

Hygroscopicity of nitrocellulose with different nitrogen content

Cellulose Nitrates-Blended Composites from Bacterial and Plant-Based Celluloses

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