Preparation of nitrile butadiene rubber/<scp>fly ash</scp> composites by designing a surficial immobile layer

Ma, Chuangchi; Wu, Yujun; Zheng, Hansen; Liang, Yangfan; He, Zhiguo; Liu, Shiyuan; Cai, Wanyi; Liu, Xiaohui; Yang, Shuyan

doi:10.1002/pc.26893

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…These carboxylic acids can form ionic bonds with some metals, such as zinc and magnesium, 27 creating ionic cross‐links. The presence of carboxylic groups and ionic cross‐links increases the polarity of the rubber, and in turn could increase the interaction of rubber with a polar filler, 28 such as lignin. Zhang et al 25 mixed lignin with carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) and zinc oxide and obtained a thermoplastic elastomer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using carboxyl groups to improve the compatibility of XNBR/lignin composites

Campos,

da Rocha,

Furtado

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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The paper and pulp industry produces lignin as a byproduct, which could be a bio‐based reinforcing filler for rubber. Carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) contains carboxyl groups that form ionic bonds with zinc oxide, potentially increasing compatibility with lignin, compared to usual nonpolar rubbers. This study employed the traditional mixing method, two‐roll mill, to incorporate hardwood Kraft lignin without chemical or physical modification as a reinforcing filler in commercial XNBR. A mixture design of experiments was used to explore the effect on rubber/lignin interaction of the carboxyl group content (from 1% to 7% in blends of XNBR) and the amount of lignin (from 0 to 40 phr). Adding 40 phr of lignin increased stress at 100% in XNBR 7% from 1.7 to 6.3 MPa. In XNBR 1%, the increase was from 1.2 to 1.9 MPa. Lignin showed better interaction and dispersion with XNBR 7%, determined from response surface of G′ at high deformations and SEM, respectively. Loss of thermal transition in DMA indicates interaction through ionic groups. These results show that the presence of carboxyl groups enhances the rubber/lignin interaction. This research open possibilities of compatibilization of lignin, offering guidance for future studies and technologies involving lignin in technical applications.Highlights Lignin dispersion increased as the carboxyl group content increased to 7% (w/w). Stress at 100% elongation increased 370% with 40 phr of lignin and 7% carboxyl. Rubber/lignin interaction as per G′ increased with carboxyl groups. Loss of thermal transition suggests lignin/carboxy/zinc oxide interaction. Lignin can be used as a reinforcing filler in nitrile carboxylated rubber.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using carboxyl groups to improve the compatibility of XNBR/lignin composites

Campos,

da Rocha,

Furtado

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Surface modification not only enhances the interaction between metal oxides and rubber matrix at molecular level but also improves the dispersion of metal oxides into rubber matrix. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] It is needless to mention that uniform filler dispersion and adequate rubber-filler interaction are the primary requisites to achieve desired reinforcement and other composite properties. Different organosilanes have been demonstrated to be highly effective in this regard when utilized as coupling agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface modification of zirconia by various modifiers to investigate its reinforcing efficiency toward nitrile rubber

Ambilkar

Das

2022

Polymer Composites

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Uniform dispersion of metal oxide‐like zirconia in elastomeric matrix is an essential requisite to deliver proper reinforcement. However, inadequate compatibility between the hydrophobic elastomer and the hydrophilic zirconia surface makes this a difficult task. In this work, three different surface modifiers, namely, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS: a surfactant), 3‐(trimethoxy silyl) propyl methacrylates (MPS: an organosilane), and tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris: an amine buffer) are employed to modify the surface of sol–gel derived in‐situ generated zirconia. Effect of surface modification of zirconia by these different kinds of surface modifiers on zirconia‐filled nitrile rubber (NBR) composite has been critically investigated in terms of thermal, morphological, mechanical, swelling, rheological, and dielectric properties. Temperature of maximum degradation (Tmax) of the NBR gum (439 °C) is improved upon incorporation of all type of modified zirconia while that is maximum for Tris‐modified zirconia‐filled composite (458 °C). Similar trend is observed in stress–strain study where Tensile strength is enhanced up to six times for the filled composites relative to NBR gum (1.03 MPa) and the highest value is shown by Tris‐modified zirconia‐filled composite (6.35). This study reveals that Tris could be a potential surface modifier for metal oxides like zirconia, as an alternate to organosilane, to reinforce the elastomer matrices.

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Waste material fly ash as an alternative filler for elastomers

Yangthong

Buaksuntear

Suethao

et al. 2023

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Fly ash (FA), a by‐product of the power generation industry, can potentially be used as a filler in polymer products. Particularly, FA has been investigated as an alternative filler to partially or fully replace commercial fillers in polymer composites. This mini‐review discusses the fundamental properties of FA, environmental pollution from commercial fillers, and the performance of FA in polymers. The properties of FA‐loaded polymer composites are discussed, including the morphological, rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties. This review highlights the potential methods and challenges for substituting, or replacing, commercial fillers in various polymers such as natural rubber (NR), epoxidized NR, epoxy, styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR), NR/SBR blends, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyester.

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Preparation of nitrile butadiene rubber/fly ash composites by designing a surficial immobile layer

Cited by 4 publications

References 34 publications

Using carboxyl groups to improve the compatibility of XNBR/lignin composites

Using carboxyl groups to improve the compatibility of XNBR/lignin composites

Surface modification of zirconia by various modifiers to investigate its reinforcing efficiency toward nitrile rubber

Waste material fly ash as an alternative filler for elastomers

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