“…According to previous reports, a KOH/C mixing ratio >2.0 was required to prepare activated carbon with a surface area of 2000 m 2 g −1 or more using KOH. 41,54,55 The volume of the mesopores tended to increase with an increase in the KOH content; 36,54,55 the volume of 0.3–0.4 nm pores decreased, while that of the 0.4–0.7 nm pores increased in the range of 500–800 °C. However, the latter decreased at 900 °C.…”
The relationship between the CO2 adsorbed amount and specific surface area (a) or pore volumes (b) of the prepared activated carbon. The open plot is the prepared activated carbon. The solid plot is the activated carbon prepared from BN, TN, and SO.
“…According to previous reports, a KOH/C mixing ratio >2.0 was required to prepare activated carbon with a surface area of 2000 m 2 g −1 or more using KOH. 41,54,55 The volume of the mesopores tended to increase with an increase in the KOH content; 36,54,55 the volume of 0.3–0.4 nm pores decreased, while that of the 0.4–0.7 nm pores increased in the range of 500–800 °C. However, the latter decreased at 900 °C.…”
The relationship between the CO2 adsorbed amount and specific surface area (a) or pore volumes (b) of the prepared activated carbon. The open plot is the prepared activated carbon. The solid plot is the activated carbon prepared from BN, TN, and SO.
“…Therefore the biochar-derived adsorbent has the potential to be used as a nano-adsorbent. In a study by Rashidi et al (2016), the development of nano-porous activated carbon using walnut shells via chemical processes at high temperature resulted in 2.1 nm pore diameter and 0.46–0.93 cm 3 /g of total pore volume which was applied as a nano-adsorbent for CO 2 storage. Therefore, a wide distribution of pores on the biochar surface observed via SEM indicated that successful carbonization was achieved between 300 and 500 °C using the self-sustained pilot scale brick reactor.…”
A one-step self-sustained carbonization of coconut shell biomass, carried out in a brick reactor at a relatively low temperature of 300-500°C, successfully produced a biochar-derived adsorbent with 308 m 2 /g surface area, 2 nm pore diameter, and 0.15 cm 3 /g total pore volume. The coconut shell biochar qualifies as a nano-adsorbent, supported by scanning electron microscope images, which showed well-developed nano-pores on the surface of the biochar structure, even though there was no separate activation process. This is the first report whereby coconut shell can be converted to biochar-derived nano-adsorbent at a low carbonization temperature, without the need of the activation process. This is superior to previous reports on biochar produced from oil palm empty fruit bunch.
“…This can lead to a large variety of graphite-like morphologies with many possible applications. For example, it is responsible for the uptake of molecules such as methane [75], CO 2 [76], proteins [77], or heavy metals [78]. Also, catalytic properties of the foam [79], as well as gas- [80] and glucose-sensing properties [81] or photoluminescence [82] are related to a graphitic or graphene-like interior of the foams.…”
Unusual structure of low-density carbon nanofoam, different from the commonly observed micropearl morphology, was obtained by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of a sucrose solution where a specific small amount of naphthalene had been added. Helium-ion microscopy (HIM) was used to obtain images of the foam yielding micron-sized, but non-spherical particles as structural units with a smooth foam surface. Raman spectroscopy shows a predominant sp 2 peak, which results from the graphitic internal structure. A strong sp 3 peak is seen in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrons in XPS are emitted from the near surface region which implies that the graphitic microparticles have a diamond-like foam surface layer. The occurrence of separated sp 2 and sp 3 regions is uncommon for carbon nanofoams and reveals an interesting bulk-surface structure of the compositional units.
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